Orphelins et enfants vulnérables en Afrique (Bibliographie)
Article de périodique
Chapitre d'ouvrageArticle de périodique
Wax, E.
A generation orphaned by AIDS
2003, Washington Post, N*deg;Wednesday, August 13, 2003, p. A01
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; Population rurale; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : There is also concern among health and education workers that a generation growing up without parental guidance will worsen political instability on a continent already struggling to overcome terrorism and civil and ethnic strife. Rebel groups have tapped into the vulnerable orphan populations by enticing abandoned children to earn money, food and respect with guns -- leading to more chaos and increasing the chances of rape and HIV transmission. "The implications of this are monstrous. The profound trauma of losing a mother or both parents has devastating long-term implications, not only for a child's well-being and development, but for the stability of communities and, ultimately, nations themselves," said Carol Bellamy, executive director of the U.N. Children's Fund. "Children and women caught up in the chaos and forced displacement of war are more vulnerable to sexual abuse and exploitation, which facilitates the spread of HIV." (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.washingtonpost.com/ac2/wp-dyn/A51948-2003Aug12?language=printerArticle de périodique
Harman, D.
A Muppet tackles AIDS attitudes in South Africa
2003, Christian Science Monitor, N*deg;2003 Jan 14 edition, p. 3 p.
Mots clés : Attitude; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Comportement; Culture; Discrimination sociale; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Marionnette; Moyen de communication de masse; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : In spite of - or because of - the prevalence of AIDS cases in South Africa, the stigmatization of and discrimination against those diagnosed as HIV-positive begins at an early age. The latest government initiative to combat such attitudes began three months ago, with the addition of the character Kami to the television program "Takalani Sesame" (Takalani means "be happy" in local Venda). When Kami (the name is derived from the Tswana word for "acceptance") debuted, Education Minister Kader Asmal made a cameo appearance on the show to personally welcome the friendly orphan to the neighborhood. "Education is the only socially acceptable vaccine available to our people and represents our only hope to save our nation," says Mr. Asmal, whose ministry, together with private funders and the US agency for development (USAID, supports the program - a coproduction with the American Sesame Workshop. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.csmonitor.comArticle de périodique
Foster, G.; Williamson, J.
A review of current literature on the impact of HIV/AIDS on children in sub-Saharan Africa
2000, Aids, N*deg;14 Suppl 3, p. 275-84
Mots clés : Adaptation; Adolescent; Adolescents; Caractéristiques épidémiologiques; Communautés; Education; Facteurs psychologiques; Famille élargie; Familles; Humain/Homme; Impact; Impact social; Impacts économiques; Infection à VIH; Méchanismes pour assumer; migration; Nourrice à domicile; Orphelins; Pratiques d'héritage; Revue de la littérature; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This paper reviews epidemiological characteristics of children affected by HIV/AIDS, coping mechanisms and current knowledge of the impact of HIV on children. Areas where important gaps in knowledge exist are highlighted.
The paper assesses the impact of HIV/AIDS in amongst various groups and in various sectors, these include:
- orphans and their extended family: where traditional values are maintained such as in rural communities, the extended family safety net is better preserved. Where countries are more urbanised, extended family safety nets are weakened
- children and families: HIV/AIDS has an impact on children, families and communities which is incremental. The continuous attrition rate of deaths in young adults leads to social and economic impacts which increase with the severity and duration of the epidemic
- community economics: the HIV/AIDS epidemic is taking its heaviest toll at household and community level, for example, in Kenya, most families that agreed to take in foster children were living below the poverty line, whereas wealthier relatives tended to maintain minimal links with orphans
- inheritance practices: in much of Africa, widows are inherited through remarriage to a brother of the deceased husband; property is inherited by paternal relatives. Paternal relatives refuse to take orphans in them in if bride price is not paid leaving orphans to slip through the extended family safety net
- migration: urban-rural relocation may occur with the onset of serious illness in the "going-home-to-die syndrome". Intra-rural or intra-urban migration of orphans may occur leading to clustering of orphan households in poor areas
- education: often the financial strain led to households with orphans failing to raise funds to send their own children to school
health and nutrition: fostered children in West Africa experienced higher mortality than other children because of poorer care, malnutrition and reduced access to modern medicine
- psychosocial impact: stigmatisation, dropping out of school, changed friends, increased workload, discrimination and social isolation of orphans all increase the stress and trauma of parental death (Author's modified)Notes : 0269-9370; Review; Review, Tutorial
Site web : http://www.repssi.co.zw/pss_files/OVC/ovc_impact.pdfArticle de périodique
Smart, R.
Advancing OVC policies into practice
2004, Global AIDSLink, N*deg;83, p. 10-11
Mots clés : Agences gouvernementales; Caractéristiques de la population; Coopération internationale; Droits de l'Homme; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maintien du programme; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Politique sociale; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; programme politique; Rapport d'activité; Santé; Services de santé; Services de santé publique; SIDA; USAID
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : Huge policy gaps remain in addressing the needs of orphans and vulnerable children, despite the fact that HIV/AIDS has fundamentally altered the lives of youth around the world. More than 13 million children have already been orphaned by HIV/AIDS worldwide, yet we still cannot agree on things as fundamental as how to define the meaning of the word orphan, or the factors which render children vulnerable. The profound and multidimensional ways that HIV/AIDS impacts children are inadequately understood and voiced, especially for those who are marginalized, ostracized or stigmatized for coming from HIV/AIDS affected families. Consequently, in 2002, USAID's Office of HIV/AIDS commissioned the POLICY Project to research and summarize the existing policy-level situation regarding orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) and to make recommendations for moving forward. Additionally, recognizing that actions specifically supporting children have been woefully inadequate for over a decade, the intention was for the paper to elucidate concrete steps countries worldwide could take in assisting children coming from communities affected by HIV/AIDS. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.globalhealth.orgArticle de périodique
Sachs, S. E.; Sachs, J. D.
Africa's children orphaned by AIDS [letter]
2004, Lancet, N*deg;364, 9443, p. 1404
Mots clés : Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Illettrisme; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; malnutrition; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins; Population; SIDA; Traitement; Transmission de la mère à l'enfant; Troubles nutritionnels
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : UNAIDS and UNICEF estimate that, based on current trends, the number of AIDS orphans could reach 25 million by 2010 and 40 million by 2020. These children constitute an especially vulnerable subset of the population. In addition to the obstacles to physical and psychological well-being faced by children in Africa orphaned as a result of any cause, those orphaned by AIDS are at an especially heightened risk of malnourishment, illiteracy, lack of education, medical neglect, not being immunised, and being ostracised from society. AIDS orphans tend to be younger than other orphans; UNICEF estimates that one in three AIDS orphans is younger than age 5 years. Furthermore, the guardians that foster these orphans are generally older-eg, grandparents- than those who foster other orphans; the aunts or uncles who would normally take on the role of guardian often having also died of AIDS. In Uganda in 2001, the average age of guardians was 48 years. As a result of whole generations being affected by AIDS, grandparents often find themselves looking after large numbers of children, putting an enormous strain on household resources already more limited than would be those of a younger, more physically able guardian. (excerpt)
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6T1B-4DK5VTF-Y-5&_cdi=4886&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=10%2F22%2F2004&_qd=1&_sk=996350556&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkzV&md5=64c79a0f8523eedb134d791be355be3e&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Caldwell, J.; Caldwell, P.; Ankrah, E. M.; Anarfi, J. K.; Agyeman, D. K.; Awusabo-Asare, K.; Orubuloye, I. O.
African families and AIDS: context, reactions and potential interventions
1993, Health Transition Review, N*deg;3 Suppl, p. 1-16
Mots clés : Abstinence sexuelle; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Culture; Education; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Planification familiale; Population; Prévention du Sida; Revue de la littérature; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The concentration of HIV positive cases is in sub-Saharan Africa (about 66% of all cases) and, specifically, in countries south of Uganda which contain only 3 of the world's population. Discussion focuses on aspects of the African family which pertain to the epidemic, the impact on individuals and families, family care, possible interventions, and future research needs. There is a paucity of social science research on the challenges posed by the AIDS crisis; much of the available literature is based on a few studies. This paper, in fact, is based on the Makerere University and Case Western Reserve research on 22 urban and 24 rural Ugandan families, 30 AIDS cases from Ghana, and 38 Ghanaian households with at least 1 AIDS case. The orphan research pertains to a study of 60 households. Other research came from the Barnett and Blaikie book which reports on a Rakai, Uganda, study of 14 AIDS households among 69 households and 8 AIDS households among 129 households in a family area. Basic social and demographic characteristics of African society must be understood before transmission and social structures for carrying out interventions can be discussed. Women are viewed as property; a reduction in nonmarital sexual relations will impact deleteriously on the economic status of women. The notion that man cannot be satisfied by 1 woman is promoted by the practice of polygyny. The practice of sexual abstinence after childbirth for long periods and traditional African systems where men do not have sexual access to women put men in the position of seeking sex from other sources. Marital instability is considerable and sexual relations are not openly discussed between partners. Sex is considered healthy. The long latency period and the high incidence of sexually transmitted diseases pose other problems. The family typically absorbs the burden of an AIDS-affected member. The economic impact on families is in terms of loss of income and increased expenditures for care. Advocating monogamous relationships has decided advantages, but anti sex campaigns are destructive. Condom campaigns and community education are also needed. Women need to be empowered and given greater economic opportunity.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Heywood, M.
AIDS : the challenge for South Africa, by Alan Whiteside and Clem Sunter. Book review
2001, Aids Analysis Africa, N*deg;11, 4, p. 2
Mots clés : Critique; Facteurs politiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : This book, entitled "AIDS: The Challenge for South Africa," discusses the origins, causes, and impacts of and some of the solutions for the South African HIV/AIDS epidemic. Although the book has its weaknesses, the author does not dwell on these aspects. Instead, the author uses the book as a planning tool and a launching pad for essential research and improved monitoring and tracking of the epidemic. It draws attention to insights on the possible impact of HIV/AIDS on the national housing policy; the social and political implications of the burgeoning orphan problem; and the implications for crime reduction among the generation of parentless and brutalized "AIDS orphans." Despite negative criticisms, the book recognized the human tragedy caused by AIDS.
Notes : [Le SIDA : un défi pour l'Afrique du Sud, par Alan Whiteside et Clen Sunter. Critique du livre]; English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Schonteich, M.
AIDS and age: SA's crime time bomb?
1999, Aids Analysis Africa, N*deg;10, 2 (1), p. 3-4
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Délit; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The significance of AIDS and age as a contributing factor in the rise of crime rates is analyzed. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS epidemic will result to an increase in the orphan population during the next decade. These orphans will suffer not only loss and grief, but also the psychological impact of having to witness the death of a parent because of AIDS. Prejudice and social exclusion also exacerbates the loss, leading to a loss in orphaned children gaining access to education and health care. The absence of parental nurturing tends to result in juvenile delinquency and crime. The relationship between age and crime has been an issue of much criminological analysis. In the next 10-20 years, the peak in number of juveniles and young adults in proportion to the general population will exert an upward pressure in the crime rate. At about the same time, a rapid increase in the number of children growing up with and without a parent due to AIDS will also be experienced in South Africa.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Siamwiza, R.
AIDS and orphans: legal and ethical issues
1998, SAfAIDS News, N*deg;6, 1, p. 15-6.
Mots clés : Adoption; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Critique; Droits de l'Homme; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Ethique; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Législation; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Placement familial; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : This article explores the ethical and human rights issues surrounding AIDS and those orphaned by the epidemic in Zambia. A major area of controversy is on the rights of parents and children in adoptive or fostering relationships; civil law is unclear, and customary law treats children as the property of parents and selected kin. HIV/AIDS adds to the controversy concerning the following rights for adoptive and foster parents and children: 1) the right of prospective parents to know the health status of the child, and the child to know the prospective parent's status; 2) the rights, responsibilities, and obligations of the foster child's biological family after the placement; 3) the rights of adoptive or foster parents to public welfare assistance, health care, educational grants, particularly if the child has HIV; 4) property rights of adopted or foster children within their new families; and 5) the legal and civil rights of abandoned children. In conclusion, the ethical issues surrounding adoption and fostering require extensive research and public debate, taking into account the impact of broad socioeconomic changes affecting the extended family, as well as the impact of AIDS.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Foster, G.
AIDS and the orphan crisis in Zimbabwe
1996, AIDS Anal Afr, N*deg;6, 3, p. 12-3
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Excès; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : Before AIDS, the number of orphans in most developing countries was decreasing due to improvements in life expectancy. Orphans were likely to be older than age five years and have lost a father. It was uncommon for a child to have lost both parents. This scenario no longer prevails. As growing numbers of young adults die, sibling- and grandmother-headed households are becoming increasingly common. A 1991 survey in Zimbabwe found that less than 0.5% of orphans were being cared for in orphanages. Once a grandmother dies who may have taken in her orphaned grandchildren, many older siblings opt to raise the family. Many children prefer to stay together as a family unit despite the inevitable hardship and obstacles they will encounter to survival. These families are weak, but surviving. The AIDS pandemic will likely cause a ten-fold rise in the number of maternal orphans. In Zimbabwe alone, it is possible that 40% of children may have lost their parents within a decade.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Ankrah, E. M.
AIDS and the social side of health
1991, Social Science and Medicine, N*deg;32, 9, p. 967-80
Mots clés : Attitude; Bien être social; Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Changement; Changement social; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Comportement social; Condition féminine; Contexte culturel; Coordination; Croyances; Culture; Développement économique; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Homme; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Pauvreté; Personnel administratif; Politique; Politique sociale; Population; Prévention; Prévention du Sida; procuration des soins à domicile; Programmes; Programmes intégrés; Qualité de la vie; Revue de la littérature; Rôle de la femme; Rôle masculine; Santé; Services de santé; Services de santé publique; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : A review of literature on sub-Saharan Africa shows AIDS to be intimately linked to prevailing social conditions, and not exclusively a medical and health problem. Poverty, underdevelopment, and socioeconomic characteristics of populations may be critical determinants of HIV transmission. The social side of health and HIV/AIDS prevention is, however, largely ignored in developing and implementing programs to fight AIDS. Collaboration between health professionals and social scientists should be fostered and intensified. Failure to focus such collaborative efforts against both sides of the epidemic will result in a continued uncontrolled epidemic spread of HIV in some populations. Strategies and idea are proffered on the sociocultural side of AIDS prevention. Among suggestions and issues, AIDS policies and programs should focus upon a notion of care for persons with HIV/AIDS (PWA) for the duration of their terminal lives, and not dwell upon the concept of terminal illness. Regional concepts and traditions of maleness and male sexuality should be reassessed and altered in the attempt to reduce women's subordination and the associated higher risk of HIV transmission. Within the family and household, the demands of care-giving to PWAs may endanger the overall health and well-being of family members, effectively surpassing the traditional coping abilities of communities. Interventions may, therefore, need reorientation to address entire communities as groups of weakened families. Whole health care systems may also suffer inadequate resources, overburdened health providers, and fragmented primary health care. Policy and programs should foster a collective, balanced social and biomedical approach against HIV/AIDS.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
UNAIDS
AIDS epidemic update : December 1999.
2000, AIDS Analysis Africa., UNAIDS, N*deg;10, 5, p. 2
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Epidémie; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; ONU; ONUSIDA; Organisations; Prévalence; Rapport condensé; SIDA
Pays : MondeRésumé : This article is a Joint UN Program on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) updated report from December 1999 on the AIDS epidemic. Observations included in the report are the following: 1) an estimated 33.6 million HIV/AIDS-infected individuals (23.3 million in Africa); 2) in 1999, 5.6 million new infections (3.8 million are in Africa); 3) since the epidemic began, there have been 2.6 million AIDS-related deaths; and 4) the life expectancy has dropped to 45 years for the next 5 years. Furthermore, the antenatal estimates tend to underestimate the real level of HIV infection in women and the conclusion seems to indicate that there are significantly more women infected with HIV infection than men. UNAIDS estimates that the ratio for every 10 men infected, there are 12-13 women that are HIV-positive. It was suggested that a degraded macroeconomic situation directly influence the health services, which confirms the link between poverty and HIV infection. During the 1996 study conducted in South Africa, an estimate of 52% from the 11 million people between 16-30 years old were unemployed, half of them classified under marginalized with few prospects of formal sector employment. This has led young people to adopt short-term survival strategies, which often include exchanging sex for schooling, employment, money or shelter before long-term well-being. This article may prove to be a useful background for policy development aimed at reversing the situation.
French Abstract: Cet article concerne le rapport, mis à jour en décembre 1999 sur l'épidémie du SIDA, émanant du Programme Conjoint de l'ONU sur le VIH/SIDA (UNAIDS). Les observations incluses dans le rapport sont: 1) Environ 33,6 millions d'individus sont infectés par le VIH/SIDA (23,3 million en Afrique); 2) 5,6 millions de nouvelles infections en 1999 (3,8 million en Afrique); 3) depuis le début de l'épidémie, il y a eu 2,6 millions de décès liés au SIDA; et 4) l'espérance de vie est tombée à 45 ans pour les 5 prochaines années. En outre, les estimations prénatales ont tendance à sous-estimer le niveau réel de l'infection VIH chez les femmes, et la conclusion paraît indiquer de manière significative qu'il y a plus de femmes que d'hommes infectées par le VIH. L'UNAIDS estime que pour chaque 10 hommes infectés, il y a 12 à 13 femmes qui sont positives au VIH. Il a été suggéré qu'une situation macroéconomique dégradée influence directement les services de santé, ce qui confirme le lien entre la pauvreté et l'infection au VIH. Durant l'étude de 1996 conduite en Afrique du Sud, une estimation de 52% des 11 millions d'habitants entre 16 et 30 ans étaient au chômage, la moitié d'entre eux sont classés comme marginalisés avec peu de perspectives d'emploi dans le secteur formel. Cela a mené de jeunes gens à adopter des stratégies de survie de courte durée incluant souvent la prostitution pour la scolarité, l'argent ou l'habitat avant le bien-être à long terme. Cet article peut être utile pour développer une politique visant à renverser la situation.Notes : Language: English; [Mise à jour de l'information sur l'épidémie du SIDA : décembre 1999]
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12322486&dopt=AbstractArticle de périodique
Goldfarb, J.
AIDS in Africa : impact on children
1991, Pediatric Aids and Hiv Infection: Fetus to Adolescent, N*deg;2, 4, p. 180-4
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Transmission verticale
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : English abstract: By the year 2000 it has been predicted that 10 million more children will become infected with HIV and another 10 million children will become AIDS orphans in Africa. The deaths of children and their parents from AIDS may lead to a negative population growth for sub-Saharan Africa by the turn of the century. Preventive programs can limit these numbers, but such programs will require support from outside of Africa. Attempts to halt the HIV epidemic in Africa, as in other areas of the world, requires a coordinated approach. Education in epidemiology and epidemic control as well as in the care of those already infected and ill needs to be given to local health officials who can then educate the public. Moreover, the economic support required to carry out educational programs, to ensure a safe blood supply, to ensure decent and humane care of those who are ill and to support economies overburdened by this epidemic will require a commitment from the world community. Poverty and warfare will interfere with all efforts to control the epidemic. Peace and political stability are necessary, and there is a need for both governmental and personal commitment to the needs of the less developed world in the global battle against AIDS.
French Abstract: Le renforcement des capacités est un concept récent utilisé pour expliquer qu'il ne suffit pas de transférer du savoir dans les pays en développement pour mettre en branle un processus durable de développement. Par contre, il convient de favoriser l'émergence d'un savoir-faire adapté, qui, sur le long terme, aidera dans la création d'un processus de développement auto-entretenu. Il faut que des mesures prises pour renforcer le potentiel local soient acceptées socialement par ceux qui en profiteront. Pour bien renforcer des capacités, il faut évaluer les besoins et les disponibilités en ressources, choisir les technologies les plus efficientes, former les utilisateurs de technologie de façon pérenne, former les formateurs, favoriser des montages financiers adaptés, stimuler la coopération entre les pays en développement, favoriser un développement énergétique socialement équilibré, faire des choix qui préservent l'environnement à long terme, et faire émerger un cadre institutionnel adapté.Notes : [Le SIDA en Afrique : impact sur les enfants]; English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Cabral, A. J.
AIDS in Africa: can the hospitals cope?
1993, Health Policy and Planning, N*deg;8, 2, p. 157-60
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Critique; Equipement sanitaire; Facteurs démographiques; Hôpital; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Médicaments; Méthodologie de recherche; Normes de soins de santé primaire; Obstacles économiques; Organisations et administration; Population; Population Urbaine; procuration des soins à domicile; Sciences sociales; Services de santé; Services de santé ruraux; SIDA; Traitement; Visite à domicile
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The HIV/AIDS pandemic is greatest in sub-Saharan Africa where the rate of hospital beds to the population is the lowest in the world, especially in rural areas. The economic crisis continues to force health administrations to reduce budgets. Poor management of decreasing resources further diminishes their cost-effectiveness, especially in hospitals. Adding the cost of existing medical care and treatment for the growing number of AIDS patients may drain hospital resources, resulting in the collapse of hospitals. Rural hospitals are likely to be the first hospitals to face this pressure. They already operate at low cost-effectiveness levels due to low occupancy rates, lack of supplies, poor logistics, and low receipt of resources which instead go to referral hospitals and urban areas. HIV infected patients occupy up to 30% of hospital beds and up to 70% of hospital beds in tuberculosis wards in Malawi, Uganda, and Zaire. The minimum mean length of stay by at least 20%. the increased time required to tend to HIV patients will likely reduce the quality and effectiveness of non-HIV-related programs, e.g., primary health care programs. There should be more intermediate level hospitals which are more inexpensive and simpler than referral hospitals to care for AIDS patients. It is imperative for hospitals to reach reasonable standards of management and decentralization to improve: reducing costs, decentralizing medical care, and supporting home-based care. Availability of an antiviral drug will further exasperate the situation, especially since it will be expensive and donors will not pay for costly items that ineffective hospitals consume and cannot monitor.
Notes : English
Site web : http://heapol.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/8/2/157Article de périodique
Mashumba, S.
AIDS orphans burden extended families. Zimbabwe survey finds that relatives struggle to care for surviving children
1994, Sante Salud, N*deg;9
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : The number of children in sub-Saharan Africa orphaned as a result of parental acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is currently estimated at 2 million and expected to reach 10 million by the year 2000. A survey conducted in Zimbabwe's Manicaland Province in 1991 indicated that 6.8% of children up to 14 years of age had lost one or both parents to the AIDS virus. A follow-up study conducted in 1992 in a random sample of 250 urban and 250 rural households in this province found that 11% contained orphaned children; 80% had lost their father and 20% their mother. These children were being cared for by widowed mothers, aunts, sisters, or grandmothers. A third of caretakers were under 20 years old, while 20% were over 50 years of age. Compared to households with no orphans in residence, these households had lower incomes, worse living conditions, less access to medical care and education, and poorer food consumption. On the basis of these findings, nongovernmental organizations are designing programs to help caretaker households and communities cope with the stresses of care of AIDS orphans.
Notes : 1028-9801
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Ryder, R. W.; Kamenga, M.; Nkusu, M.; Batter, V.; Heyward, W. L.
AIDS orphans in Kinshasa, Zaire: incidence and socioeconomic consequences
1994, Aids, N*deg;8, 5, p. 673-9
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; étude; études; Etudes longitudinales; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Infections; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodes d'Epidémiologie; Méthodologie de recherche; Morbidité; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Transmission; Transmission à l'enfant
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; République démocratique du CongoRésumé : A longitudinal case-control study was conducted over the period 1986-90 to assess the incidence, morbidity, mortality, and socioeconomic consequences of becoming an AIDS orphan in Kinshasa, Zaire. One group of control children was comprised of age-matched children with HIV-1-seropositive mothers who were alive at the time of death of the AIDS orphan case mother. The second group was comprised of children with HIV-1-seronegative mothers who were also alive at the time of death of the AIDS orphan case mother. Participants were recruit from the obstetric ward and follow-up clinic at two large municipal hospitals in Kinshasa, Zaire and included 466 HIV-1 seropositive women, their children and their fathers, and 606 HIV-1-seronegative women, and their children and fathers. The AIDS orphan incidence rate was 8.2 per 100 HIV-1 seropositive women-years of follow-up. Vertical rates of HIV-1 transmission were 41% and 26%, respectively, in AIDS orphan cases and in control children with HIV-1-seropositive mothers. Among children without vertically acquired HIV-1 infection, morbidity rates and indices of social and economic well-being were similar for both AIDS orphans and control children. Five of 26 AIDS orphan cases and three of 52 control children died during follow-up. The authors conclude that children with HIV-1 seropositive mothers had a considerable risk of becoming AIDS orphans, but the presence of a concerned extended family appeared to minimize any adverse health and socioeconomic effects experienced by orphan children.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Kelso, BJ.
AIDS Orphans of the storm
1994, Africa Report, N*deg;39, 1, p. 50-5
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Politique; Politique de la famille; Politique familiale; Politique sociale; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : PIP: African children orphaned as a result of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) represent the most recent challenge to governments already overwhelmed by the costs of the AIDS epidemic. There are an estimated 67,770 AIDS orphans in Zimbabwe, 24,000 in Malawi, and 80,000 in Zambia. Orphanages, intended for troubled adolescents, are full and the burden of care for children who have lost a parent to AIDS has fallen on the extended family. Rather than build more orphanages, state officials and nongovernmental organizations are working to strengthen the capacity of extended families and communities to care for these children. For example, Zimbabwe's Family AIDS Caring Trust is assisting families with food, clothes, and school fees and providing community education on AIDS. A key aim of the program is to revitalize communities' traditional coping systems, ruptured as a result of modernization. In Malawi, the National Task Force on Orphans provides agricultural supplies and skills training to empower extended families. Zambia's Children in Distress program sets up committees of neighbors, friends, and teachers of orphans to serve as co-foster parents with relatives. Despite these initiatives, child abandonment, child-headed households, and involvement of orphans in prostitution are widespread phenomena.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Fleshman, M.
AIDS orphans: facing Africa's "silent crisis
2001, Africa Recovery, Special Feature: Protecting Africa's Children, N*deg;15, 3, p. 1
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Besoins; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Education; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport condensé; Réseaux de parenté; SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : To the tragedy of the 17 million people who have lost their lives to AIDS in Africa, add the 12 million orphaned children left behind. According to the US Agency for International Development, Zambia is severely affected by this tragedy with 1.2 million orphans in 2000. Of these, 930,000 have lost at least one parent to AIDS. It is noted that housing, feeding, educating, and nurturing these children are both a moral imperative and essential to Africa's development prospects. Carol Bellamy, executive director of the UN International Children's Emergency Fund, stated that the practical response to this crisis is to strengthen the extended family. However, the traditional mechanism for the care of vulnerable children has started to break down due to poverty and disease. In Zambia, supporting the family's ability to raise orphans and other vulnerable children has been primarily a community effort. Thus, programs are established to care for the sick and provide counseling and support for orphans and their families. In addition, the government and civil society groups developed three types of responses to meet the educational needs of orphans and other vulnerable children.
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol15no3/153child.htmArticle de périodique
Chevallier, E.
AIDS, children, families: how to respond?
1994, Glob AIDSnews, N*deg;4, p. 18-9
Mots clés : Adolescent; Adolescents; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Démographie; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Manuel; Nourrice à domicile; Planification de la Santé; Population; Syndrome Immunodéficience acquis
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : As more and more children become orphans due to the AIDS-related deaths of their parents and/or guardians, many people think that placing orphans in orphanages may be the solution to the problem. While this focus upon orphans is understandable, one must also not forget that children suffer from a diminished standard of living due to AIDS morbidity long before their parents die and HIV affects all social and economic dependents of an infected person, not just the children. The Paris-based International Children's Center (ICC) followed 120 AIDS-affected families for several years to study the socioeconomic destiny of the children and families overall. It was subsequently concluded that appropriate and lasting support programs must take into account and build upon the coping responses of the families and communities themselves. Thirty nongovernmental organization representatives from eight eastern and southern African countries attending a workshop in Lusaka, Zambia, February 1994 developed the following recommendations: orphanages should be used in only emergency situations and on a temporary basis, access to education must be maintained for children affected by the epidemic, cash donations should be made to needy families in only extreme cases in the interest of promoting self-sufficiency, and the rights of dependent survivors must be respected, especially with regard to inheritance
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Mason, J. B.; Bailes, A.; Mason, K. E.; Yambi, O.; Jonsson, Urban; Hudspeth, C.; Hailey, P.; Kendle, Andrea; Brunet, D.; Martel, Pierre
AIDS, drought, and child malnutrition in southern Africa
2005, Public Health Nutrition, N*deg;8, 6, p. 551-563
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; D'un poids insuffisant; Sécurité alimentaire; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Lesotho; Malawi; Mozambique; Swaziland; Zambie; ZimbabweRésumé : Objective: To investigate trends in child malnutrition in six countries in southern Africa, in relation to the HIV epidemic and drought in crop years 2001/2 and 2002/3.
Design: Epidemiological analysis of sub-national and national surveys with related data.
Setting: Data from Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Swaziland, Zambia and Zimbabwe, compiled and analysed under UNICEF auspices.
Subjects: Secondary data: children 0-5 years for weight-for-age; HIV prevalence data from various sources especially antenatal clinic surveillance.
Results: Child nutritional status as measured by prevalence of underweight deteriorated from 2001 onwards in all countries except Lesotho, with very substantial increases in some provinces/districts (e.g. from 5 to 20% in Maputo (Mozambique,1997-2002), 17 to 32% in Copperbelt (Zambia, 1999-2001/2) and 11 to 26% in Midlands province (Zimbabwe, 1999-2002)). Greater deterioration in underweight occurred in better-off areas. Areas with higher HIV/AIDS prevalences had (so far) lower malnutrition rates (and infant mortality rates), presumably because more modern areas - with greater reliance on trade and wage employment - have more HIV/AIDS. Areas with higher HIV/AIDS showed more deterioration in child nutrition. A significant area-level interaction was found of HIV/AIDS with the drought period, associated with particularly rapid deterioration in nutritional status.
Conclusions: First, the most vulnerable may be households in more modern areas, nearer towns, to whom resources need to be directed. Second, the causes of this vulnerability need to be investigated. Third, HIV/AIDS amplifies the effect of drought on nutrition, so rapid and effective response will be crucial if drought strikes again. Fourth, expanded nutritional surveillance is now needed to monitor and respond to
deteriorating trends. Finally, with or without drought, new means are needed of bringing help, comfort and assistance to the child population.Article de périodique
Deininger, K.; Garcia, M.; Subbarao, K.
AIDS-induced orphanhood as a systemic shock: magnitude, impact, and program interventions in Africa
2003, World Development, N*deg;31, 7, p. 1201-1220
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Impact; Infection à VIH; Intervention; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; Rapport de recherche; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : According to many descriptive accounts, the orphan crisis in Africa has assumed alarming proportions, largely due to AIDS-related deaths. Using household panel data from Uganda to confirm this and assess the impact on affected households and children, we find that [(a)] receiving a foster child leads to a significant reduction of investment; [(b)] initial disadvantages in foster children's access to education were largely eliminated by the introduction of a program of Universal Primary Education; and [(c)] new inequalities have emerged in foster children's access to health services. Even though this suggests that specific programs could help to alleviate some of the negative impacts of orphanhood, the policy response in many African countries has remained piecemeal. We use data from existing programs to estimate the cost of a concerted policy response and highlight implications for further research. (author's)
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Foster, G.; Drew, R. S.; Makufa, C.
Am I my brother's keeper? Orphans, AIDS and the extended family's choice of caregiver
1995, Sociétés d'Afrique et SIDA, N*deg;10, p. 14-6
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : Extended families in Africa continue to be the predominant orphan caring units, particularly in countries affected by AIDS. This paper discusses the changes in the choice of caregivers for orphans in Zimbabwe, comparing such choice in periurban and rural areas. Cultural practices are being adapted to accommodate societal changes that differ within the same ethnic group. Such cultural practices are shown in marriage/bride price; inheritance/traditional remarriage; and child care. As a consequence of AIDS, the frequency and pattern of orphanhood has changed in relation to the cultural practices leading to the existing extended family child care situations. Hence, interventions concerning the care of orphans should be sensitive to cultural practices.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Hassig, S. E.; Perriens, J.; Baende, E.; Kahotwa, M.; Bishagara, K.; Kinkela, N.; Kapita, B.
An analysis of the economic impact of HIV infection among patients at Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire
1990, Aids, N*deg;4, 9, p. 883-7
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Equipement sanitaire; étude; études; Etudes prospectives; Facteurs démographiques; Hôpital; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Prévalence; procuration des soins à domicile; Recueil de données; Santé; Traitement du Sida
Pays : Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; République démocratique du CongoRésumé : In a prospective study of adult admissions to the Department of Internal Medicine at Mama Yemo Hospital, Kinshasa, Zaire in late 1988, 129 women and 122 men were screened for HIV infection. 50% were found to be seropositive, with 1/2 of the seropositives meeting the WHO clinical AIDS definition. The HIV seropositives had a mortality rate of 50%, which was significantly higher (p=0.004) than the 30% mortality rate seen in the seronegative group. Direct costs during hospitalization did not differ ($60.30 for HIV seropositives, $56.50 for HIV seronegatives), but prehospitalization expenses were significantly higher in the HIV seropositive group ($170 for HIV seropositives, $110 for HIV seronegatives). Years of productive life lost due to death were also significantly higher for HIV seropositives va HIV seronegatives (30.6 vs 21.3 years; p=0.0007), and 73% of the premature mortality in the study populations was attributable to HIV infection. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Makhoha, M.
An orphan's dilemma: Where do we go, we are not wanted here?
2000, Partner, N*deg;6, 1, p. 1-8
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : In this article, Silas Malamba narrates his experiences as a 13-year-old AIDS-orphaned boy from Busia. From Silas' testimony, it is noted that the people in his community, including relatives, abandoned him and his brother during the time their parents were sick and even when both their parents had died. Silas said that the people had made it clear that he and his brother did not belong to the community. He said that members of the church his mother attended agreed to collect money and to take them back to Uganda, and relatives have threatened to kill them if they stayed. Overall, Silas' story represents the suffering and trauma, hundreds of thousands of children affected by AIDS undergo.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
McGrath, J. W.; Rwabukwali, C. B.; Schumann, D. A.; Pearson-Marks, J.; Nakayiwa, S.; Namande, B.; Nakyobe, L.; Mukasa, R.
Anthropology and AIDS: the cultural context of sexual risk behavior among urban Baganda women in Kampala, Uganda
1993, Social Science and Medicine, N*deg;36, 4, p. 429-39
Mots clés : Anthropologie; Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Culture; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Femme; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Population; Population Urbaine; Sciences sociales; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : One hundred and thirty Baganda women (65 HIV antibody positive and 65 HIV antibody negative), recruited from the Makerere University-Case Western Reserve University Collaborative Pediatric follow-up clinic in Kampala, Uganda were interviewed about cultural rules and norms for sexual behavior and HIV-specific risk behaviors. Interviews were analyzed for themes related to sexual risk, cultural rules regarding sex, and individual sexual practices. Statistical relationships were tested using X2 and t-test statistics. The mean age of the women was 21 years (range 15-30). Despite sexual norms prohibiting sex for women outside marriage, subjects reported that there are certain circumstances when a woman may take other partners, including economic need, desire for greater sexual satisfaction, or revenge on a husband with other partners. Cases were more likely to state that women may have outside partners for economic reasons (P < 0.05) and that women have outside partners for sexual satisfaction (P < 0.01). Women interviewed for this study are complying with Ugandan AIDS control messages to 'zerograze' and 'stick to one partner'. Fear of AIDS remains high, however, because women fear that their partners have not responded to risk reduction messages. Of those women stating fear of AIDS, 57% of cases and 62% of controls based their fear on their perceptions of their partners' activities. Therefore, women feel that they remain at risk of infection despite their own behavior change. We find that, while the potential for risk reduction is high for these women, cultural norms permitting males to have multiple partners limit a woman's ability to control her risk reduction. Important conclusions are: (1) a focus on women's behavior alone is not sufficient as both partners must respond to risk reduction messages; (2) knowledge about AIDS is not sufficient to achieve change in sexual behavior because sexual behavior is linked to economics, gender relations, and other complex socio-cultural factors; and (3) a study of Baganda male sexual values and behavior is urgently needed.
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=IssueURL&_tockey=%23TOC%235925%231993%23999639995%23324319%23FLP%23&_auth=y&view=c&_acct=C000056834&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=2292769&md5=37648255da1fdca5d2f9c771a369c23cArticle de périodique
Panpanich, R.; Brabin, B.; Gonani, A.; Graham, S.
Are orphans at increased risk of malnutrition in Malawi?
1999, Annals of Tropical Paediatrics, N*deg;19, p. 279-285
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Etat de santé; étude; études; Etudes comparatives; Facteurs démographiques; Indexs; Jeunesse; Maladies; malnutrition; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Troubles nutritionnels
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Malawi; Pays en développementRésumé : The objective of this study was to compare the nutritional status and health problems of village orphans, non-orphans and orphanage children, and to identify factors associated with undernutrition. A cross-sectional study was conducted in three orphanages and two villages near Blantyre, Malawi. Seventy-six orphanage children, 137 village orphans and 80 village non-orphans were recruited. Anthropometric measurement was done and guardians were interviewed. In the group of children aged < 5 years, the prevalence of undernutrition in orphanage children was 54.8% compared with 33.3% and 30% of village orphans and non-orphans, respectively. Sixty-four per cent of young orphanage children were stunted compared with 50% of village orphans and 46.4% of non-orphans. The mean (SD) Z-score of height/age was significantly lower in the orphanage group, -2.75 (1.29) compared with -2.20 (1.51) and -1.61 (1.57) in the village orphan and non-orphan groups (p , 0.05). Conversely, older orphanage children ( = 5 years) were less stunted and wasted than orphans and non-orphans in villages. Illness of children in the last month was reported to be higher in the non-orphan group, especially diarrhoeal disease, which occurred in 30% compared with 10.8% of village orphans and 6.6% of orphanage children. More than three children in a family being cared for by guardians was significantly associated with undernutrition. Orphanage girls were more likely to be malnourished than orphanage boys. Children who had been admitted to an orphanage for more than a year were less malnourished. In village orphans, there was no association between undernutrition and duration of stay in extended families. Age and education of guardians were not associated with the nutritional status of children. We conclude that young orphanage children are more likely to be undernourished and more stunted than village children. Older orphanage children seem to have better nutrition than village orphans. There was no significant difference in nutritional status between village orphans and non-orphans. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Gregson, S.; Garnett, G.; Anderson, R. M.
Assessing the potential impact of the HIV-1 epidemic on orphanhood and the demographic structure of populations in Sub-Saharan Africa
1994, Population Studies, N*deg;48, 3, p. 435-58
Mots clés : Accroissement de la population; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Études interdisciplinaires; Facteurs démographiques; Impact démographique; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie; Modèle de population; Modèle mathématique; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population décroissante; Recherche théorique; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Much of the debate on the demographic consequences of the HIV epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa has so far centred around the plausibility of population declines in areas where [unprecedentedly] high rates of population growth have recently been in evidence. In this article, the authors use a mathematical model, which combines epidemiological and demographic processes, to illustrate how, under a broad range of impacts on population growth, major changes in demographic features, such as the extent of orphanhood within populations, are likely to occur. At the same time, HIV epidemics are liable to cause significant shifts in the age and sex composition of affected populations, which may have important implications for the ways in which they are best able to cope with the increases in orphanhood, as well as those in infant, early childhood and adult mortality." (EXCERPT)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Rutayuga, J.
Assistance to orphans of Tanzanian army personnel
1996, Civil-Military Alliance Newsletter, N*deg;2, 2, p. 4
Mots clés : Activités financières; Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la population; Décès; Durée de vie; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs politiques; Financement; Gouvernement; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Personnel militaire; Population; Rapport de terrain; Sécurité sociale; SIDA; Survie; Survie de l'enfant
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : In 1995, the Chief of Tanzania's Defense Forces, General Mboma, invited DT. Rutayuga to look into the problem of the spread and management of HIV/AIDS, and into the problem of orphans in the Tanzanian army. This report will deal with the orphan problem in the Tanzanian army. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Appleton, J.
At my age I should be sitting under that tree": the impact of AIDS on Tanzanian lakeshore communities
2000, Gend Dev, N*deg;8, 2, p. 19-27
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de résidence; Démographie; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Géographie; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Population; Recherche; Science Economique; Syndrome Immunodéficience acquis
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : In 1992, the author led a participatory rural appraisal (PRA) exercise for a community fisheries project in Kagera region, on the western side of Lake Victoria, Tanzania. The PRA team visited four settlements: the prime harbor settlement on Kerebe Island; N'toro beach, in Bukoba district, near the Ugandan border; Chamkwikwi landing site in Muleba district; and Buzirayombo bay settlement in Biharamulo district in the south. This article draws on that research, to give an outsider's analysis of the ways in which AIDS was changing livelihoods in poor fishing and farming communities. On the lakeshore and islands, adults were falling ill and dying. This loss of men and women in their prime was causing major economic and social stresses for the single parents, grandparents, and orphans whom the authors met. They showed resilience and adaptability in the face of this threat to their already precarious livelihoods. The article ends by suggesting ways in which development policy makers and practitioners should support livelihoods in the era of AIDS.
Notes : 1355-2074; Case Reports
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Nalugoda, F.; Gray, R. H.; Serwadda, D.; Sewankambo, N. K.; Wabwire-Mangen, F.
Burden of infection among heads and non-head of rural households in Rakai, Uganda
2004, AIDS Care, N*deg;16, 1, p. 107-115
Mots clés : Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Dynamique de la population; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Méthodes de recensement; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Partenaires multiples; Partenaires sexuels; Personne séropositive; Rapport de recherche; Recensement de la population; SIDA; Statistiques démographiques; Zones rurales
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The objective was to determine HIV prevalence, symptomatology and mortality among adult heads and non-heads of households, in order to assess the burden of HIVon households. It was a community study of 11,536 adults aged 15-59, residing in 4,962 households in 56 villages, Rakai district, Uganda. First, 4,962 heads and 6,574 non-heads of households were identified from censuses. Interviews were then used to determine socio-demographic/behavioural characteristics. HIV seroprevalence was diagnosed by two EIAs with Western blot confirmation. The adjusted odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) of HIV infection in household heads and non-heads were estimated by multivariate logistic regression. Age-adjusted mortality was also assessed. HIV prevalence was 16.9% in the population, and 21.5% of households had at least one HIV-infected person (<0.0001). HIV prevalence was higher among heads than non-heads of households (21.5 and 13.3%, respectively, OR=1.79; CI 1.62-1.97). Most household heads were males (70.5%), and HIV prevalence was 17.8% among male heads compared with 6.6% in male non-heads of households (OR=2.31; CI 1.65-2.52). Women heading households were predominantly widowed, separated or divorced (64.4%). HIV prevalence was 30.5% among female heads, compared with 15.6% in female non-household heads (OR=1.42; CI 1.15-1.63). Age-adjusted mortality was significantly lower among male household heads than non-heads, both for the HIV-positive (RR=0.68) and HIV-negative men (RR=0.63). Among women, HIV-negative female household heads had significantly higher mortality than HIV-uninfected female non-heads (RR=1.72). HIV disproportionately affects heads of households, particularly males. Mortality due to AIDS is likely to increase the proportion of female-headed households, and adversely affect the welfare of domestic units. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.bdsp.tm.fr/Base/Scripts/ShowA.bs?bqRef=305182Article de périodique
Altman, L. K.
By 2010, AIDS may leave 20 million African orphans
2002, New York Times, N*deg;July 11, 2002, p. p. 3
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ONU; ONUSIDA; Organisations; Orphelins; Population; Prévention du Sida; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : AIDS will leave 20 million children in Africa without one or both parents by 2010, the 14th International AIDS Conference was told here today. That is nearly double the current number, 11 million. The report, which assumes that treatment will not be made widely available soon, also said that by 2010, AIDS will have orphaned five million children elsewhere in the world. For the purposes of the report, researchers defined orphans as children younger than 15 who had lost one or both parents. The orphan report 22without doubt is one of the most shocking reports to come out at the conference, which has produced several grim assessment, Dr. Peter Piot, an under secretary general of the United Nations and head of its AIDS program, said at a news conference today. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9B04E6D91230F932A25754C0A9649C8B63&sec=health&pagewanted=printArticle de périodique
Ntozi, J. P.; Mukiza-Gapere, J.
Care for AIDS orphans in Uganda: findings from focus group discussions
1995, Health Transition Review, N*deg;5 Suppl, p. 245-52
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The care of AIDS orphans in several regions of Uganda has recently been studied. The study also investigated how the various societies in Uganda have coped with the orphan problem since the onset of the AIDS epidemic. Changes in past and present coping mechanisms are discussed, with recommendations made for the future. Data were collected during 1992 from 241 men and 218 women in focus groups in Uganda's Hoima, Kabale, Mbarara, Masaka, Iganga, and Mbale districts. The participating men and women were aged 19-92 years and 14-92 years, respectively. Orphan care by a surviving parent, care by relatives, and other assistance to orphans are discussed. Orphan care in Uganda has changed since the onset of the AIDS epidemic. The changes are due mainly to the large number of orphans which have overwhelmed the extended family structure. Nonetheless, relatives still care for orphans despite their own problems, albeit at great financial hardship to the caregivers. It is recommended that governmental and nongovernmental organizations increase their levels of assistance to households caring for orphans. The authors further note the higher mortality of orphans, how many people who care for orphans are either too old or too young to fulfill the responsibility which they have assumed, and stigmatization.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Oburu, P. O.
Caregiving stress and adjustment problems of Kenyan orphans raised by grandmothers
2005, Infant and Child Development, N*deg;14, 2, p. 199-210
Mots clés : Adaptation de l'enfant; Adoption; Enfant; Enfants; Grand-mères; Mère biologique; Organisation de vie; orphelin; tuteur
Pays : Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; KenyaRésumé : The present study compared levels of caregiving stress among 115 biological mothers and 134 grandmothers raising their orphaned grandchildren. The associations between parenting stress and adjustment difficulties exhibited by children raised by these two groups of caregivers were also assessed. Full-time caregiving grandmothers reported elevated levels of stress more than did the biological mothers. A significant negative association was found between child maladjustment and caregiving stress. Caregivers' experienced stress was linked to advanced age and extensive, new adoptive roles now occupied by grandmothers. There was no evidence suggesting that these orphaned children were less well adjusted when compared to children still living with their own birth parents.
Site web : http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/cgi-bin/abstract/110500510/ABSTRACTArticle de périodique
Hertrich, Véronique; Pilon, M.
Changements matrimoniaux en Afrique
1997, La Chronique du CEPED, N*deg;26, p. 3 p.
Mots clés : Familles; ménages; Nuptialité
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Article de périodique
Nyambedha, E. O.; Wandibba, S.; Aagaard-Hansen, J.
Changing patterns of orphan care due to the HIV epidemic in western Kenya
2003, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;57, 2, p. 301-11
Mots clés : Analyse transversale; Caractéristiques de la population; Contexte culturel; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Héritage; Jeunesse; Méthodologie de recherche; Obstacles; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Propriété; Rapport de recherche; Réseaux de parenté; Transition démographique; Zones rurales
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : The HIV/AIDS epidemic has given rise to major demographic changes including an alarming number of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa. The study describes a rural community in western Kenya in which one out of three children below 18 years of age had lost at least one biological parent-and one out of nine had lost both. The main problems these children faced were lack of school fees, food and access to medical care. The high number of orphans has overwhelmed the traditional mechanisms for orphan care, which were based on patrilineal kinship ties. Thus, 28% of the orphans were looked after by culturally "inappropriate" categories such as matrilineal kin or strangers. Furthermore, many of the caretakers were themselves not capable due to ill health or old age. Factors such as poverty, negative attitudes, and traditional funeral customs made the orphans' situation even worse. The authors conclude that though community-based interventions are urgently needed as the most appropriate way to address the issue, the complex, local reality in which cultural factors, kinship ties, and poverty are interwoven needs to be taken into consideration if sustainable solutions are to be found.
Notes : 0277-9536
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-47TFC83-2-1&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=07%2F31%2F2003&_qd=1&_sk=999429997&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWz&md5=1353cc6819a2baaf1996a18cc49f2d84&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.
Child fosterage in West Africa
1985, Population and Development Review, N*deg;11, 1, p. 53-73
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Anthropologie; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement procréateur; Comportement social; Condition féminine; Contexte culturel; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; emploi; Emploi; Enquêtes; Etudes comparatives; Etudes sanitaire; Facteurs de genre; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Fécondité; Groupes ethniques; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Méthodologie de recherche; Motivation; Niveau socio-économique; Nombre idéal d'enfants; Population active; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; Rapport de recherche; Recherche sur la famille; Ressources humaines; Revue de la littérature; Santé de l'enfant; Sciences sociales; Vie familiale
Pays : Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Ghana; Liberia; Nigeria; Pays en développement; Sierra LeoneRésumé : Ethnographic studies in West Africa show that the practice of sending children away to be raised by relatives and nonrelatives is widespread among ethnic groups. This paper explores the demographic relevance of the practice. The fostering information is obtained from 2 sources: the responses given by women to the question on children away from home, and by linking all children to their mothers, with the unmatched children being treated as fosters. The characteristics of these children, their surrogate mothers, and those of the biological mothers are explored, and the determinants of child fostering are discussed as correlates of these attributes. The results are indicative of high incidence of child fosterage in Ghana, Sierra Leone, Liberia and Nigeria. Child fostering facilitates female laborforce participation, and may affect the fertility decisions of both natural and foster parents, mainly because it serves to reallocate the resources available for raising children within the society. It may also have consequences for child survival, depending partly on how the culture treats children outside of their maternal homes. West African child fostering, or relocation, is distinguished not only by its high prevalence but by the young age at which it begins. It is partly the consequence of a need to reallocate resources within the extended family or related kin group, ensuring maximum survival for the unit and strengthening kinship ties. In many societies in West Africa, child fosterage is simply an accepted means of raising children. Even West African immigrants in America and Europe a reported to send their children to foster homes. 1 of the major reasons fostering starts early is the practice of sending children away for weaning when the parents want to resume sexual relations. Sending children away steadily increases with age up to the age of about 5 and then increases are much slower. Male children constitute 45% of all fosters. Urban residence seems to increase the dominance of female fosters over male fosters. Urban nonfosters clearly attend school more than urban fosters. The number of surviving children is positively related to fostering out of children. Maternal educational attainment appears to be negatively related to fostering children out. (summaries in ENG, SPA, FRE)
Notes : English
Site web : http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0098-7921(198503)11%3A1%3C53%3ACFIWA%3E2.0.CO%3B2-7Article de périodique
Castle, S.
Child fostering and children's nutritional outcomes in rural Mali: the role of female status in directing child transfers
1995, Social Science and Medicine, N*deg;40, 5, p. 679-93
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Condition féminine; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enquêtes; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs politiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Mère; Nutrition; Parents; patriarchie; Placement familial de l'enfant; Population; Population rurale; pouvoir; Recherche sur la famille; Santé; Vie familiale
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Mali; Pays en développementRésumé : An analysis of child fostering in rural Mali found that this widespread practice is a reflection of power differentials between biological and foster mothers. Of the 77 weaned children under 5 years of age in five villages in Mali's Seno-Mango area, only 53 were being cared for by their biological mother. Of the remaining 24 children, 15 had been formally fostered away from their birth households and were expected to remain there, with no contact with their biological mother, until marriage. 14 of these children had been actively requested by the foster mother, who was usually an older, childless woman of high social status. Another 7 children were living in the same village as their mother, but were under the exclusive care of a female relative, generally the paternal grandmother. An additional 2 children were in unstable placements, moving back and forth between households. The 10 children who had not been formally requested were forced into care by circumstances such as the presence in the home of a breast feeding sibling, maternal illness, or migration of the father. Paternal grandmothers with several daughters-in-law were most likely to foster a grandchild, both to socialize the child to the patriline and to reduce the chances of a power alliance forming between the younger women. Thus, although child fostering is usually presented as a means of improving a child's life opportunities, it is, in practice, an opportunity for the fostering mother to maintain existing female social hierarchies. The nutrition of the fostered child was related to the origin of the placement; only 3 of the 13 children requested for fostering were malnourished compared to 7 of the 12 children fostered due to circumstances in the mother's household. Given the prevalence of this practice in areas such as rural Mali, use of the mother-child dyad as a unit of analysis in demographic surveys should be scrutinized.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Kok, P.
Child mortality through AIDS
1993, Children Worldwide, N*deg;20, 2-3, p. 13-15
Mots clés : Dynamique de la population; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Mortalité; Mortalité infantile; SIDARésumé : The vast majority of child mortality worldwide is due to malaria and respiratory and diarrheal diseases. AIDS will, however, cause an increasing share of infant and child mortality. It is expected that in Asia more so than in Africa, HIV-related child mortality will be a major cause of child mortality. Child mortality due to AIDS will increase both as a direct effect of HIV infection among infants and from excess mortality due to diminishing care during the period of parents' illness and once the child becomes an orphan. The short life expectancy of children born with HIV causes the pattern of AIDS mortality among children to closely follow the epidemic of HIV infection in the general population. The author has designed a model to calculate the number of new HIV infections in a given year which would be more or less equal to the number of children who will die from AIDS in the first 18 months of their life. The average mortality rate is 18 months, higher in the US and Europe, lower in Africa and Asia. This article explains how it is possible to calculate the incidence for a given town, region, or country, stressing the grim future ahead for many children.
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.childrenworldwide.co.uk/Article de périodique
Nakiyingi, J.; Bracher, M.; Whitworth, J. A.; Ruberantwari, A.; Busingye, J.
Child survival in relation to mother's HIV infection and survival: evidence from a Ugandan cohort study
2003, Aids, N*deg;17, 12, p. 1827-1834
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Analyse démographique; Analyse multivariée; Analyse par cohorte; Durée de vie; Dynamique de la population; étude; études; Etudes longitudinales; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthode d'analyse des tables de mortalité; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Population; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Santé de la mère; Survie; Survie de l'enfant
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Objective: To analyse the contribution of maternal survival and HIV status to child (under-5 years) mortality in a rural population cohort in South-west Uganda. Methods: Approximately 10 000 people residing in 15 neighbouring villages were followed between 1989 and 2000 using annual censuses and serological surveys to collect data on births, deaths, and adult HIV serostatus. Mother-child records were linked, child mortality risks (per 1000 births) and hazard ratios (HRs) for child mortality according to maternal HIV serostatus were computed, allowing for time-varying covariates. Results: A total of 3727 children were born, of whom 415 died during 14 110 child years of follow-up. Mother's HIV status at birth was ascertained unambiguously for 3004 children, of whom 218 were born to HIV-positive mothers. Infant mortality risk was higher for HIV seropositive than seronegative mothers (225 versus 53) as was child mortality risk (313 versus 114). Child mortality risk was also higher for mothers who died (571) than for surviving mothers (128). After controlling for child's age and sex, independent predictors of mortality in children were: mother's terminal illness or death (HR = 3.8); mother being HIV positive (HR = 3.2); child being a twin (HR = 2.0); teenage motherhood (HR = 1.7) and maternal absence (HR = 1.7). Conclusion: Maternal survival and HIV status are strong predictors of child survival. The higher mortality in HIV-infected women compounds mortality risks for their children, regardless of children's HIV status. Programmes aimed at the welfare of children should take into account the independent effect of mothers' HIV and vital status. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200308150-00012.pdf;jsessionid=EOK90BZztpQNj591ZO1eG78RIbakg3YH1U1m66xyumGczqHpxn3L!-50631628!-949856144!9001!-1Article de périodique
Foster, G.
Children affected by HIV
1998, Child Health Dialogue, N*deg;12, 3
Mots clés : Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; malnutrition; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Participation communautaire; Pauvreté; Population; SIDA; Troubles nutritionnels
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : During the next 10 years, more than 40 million children will lose either one or both parents from AIDS, mostly in sub-Saharan Africa. In countries with a high rate of HIV infection, more than 33% of children will be orphaned and at risk of being moved from one household to another, or left to live alone in child-headed households. Many children are first affected by HIV when their parents develop HIV-related illnesses and become too sick to work or take their children for health care services, such as immunization and growth monitoring. In caring for their younger siblings, older children miss school. Children in households affected by HIV are often at considerable risk of poverty and malnutrition. Health workers and community-based workers can help protect the health of children affected by HIV by encouraging the establishment of community-based orphan support programs, recognizing HIV-affected families in greatest need and children at risk, and providing at-risk orphans with clothing, housing, food, and school fees.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Tarantola, D.; Gruskin, S.
Children confronting HIV AIDS: charting the confluence of rights and health
1998, Health and Human Rights., N*deg;3, 1, p. 60-86
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Droits de l'Homme; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs politiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Population; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; SIDA
Pays : MondeRésumé : HIV/AIDS serves to illuminate how cultural norms and legal precepts facilitate or constrain the protection of the child from HIV infection, and individual and collective impacts from a child rights perspective. Recognition of human rights in the design, implementation, and evaluation of governmental policy can direct the way toward actions which are not only necessary, but also most effective. This article describes the challenges confronting infected, affected and vulnerable children, and the three levels of governmental obligations, which are to respect, protect, and fulfill rights considered when identifying children's specific needs and rights in the context of HIV/AIDS. The article then proposes a method to analyze systematically the confluence between HIV/AIDS and children's rights, creating opportunities for a synergy between those involved in HIV/AIDS prevention, care, and research, and others engaged to the promotion and protection of the rights of the child.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Franklin, L.
Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis, by Emma Guest. Book review
2002, AIDS Analysis Africa, N*deg;12, 5, p. 2-3
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Critique; Discrimination sociale; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Programmes; Programmes gouvernementaux; SIDA; Transition démographique
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : This book review notes that the AIDS epidemic is altering the population pyramid to one which has many children at the base, a fair number of elderly people at the top, and precious few middle-aged people in the middle to support them. The book poses the single question that the South African government has been avoiding: how will the children be cared for and who will take responsibility for them? In recording the stories of children cared for by grandmothers, aunts and older sisters, author Emma Guest confirms that the African extended family continues to shoulder the burden of the epidemic. The book also documents some inspirational innovation and hope in the face of seeming hopelessness, asserting that not only are orphans the most vulnerable group in this crisis, they are also struggling to survive within the context of open discrimination. Moreover, guest details the efforts of international aid agencies in the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Shetty, A. K.; Powell, G.
Children orphaned by AIDS: a global perspective.
2003, Semin Pediatr Infect Dis., N*deg;14, 1, p. 25-31
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs de risques; orphelin; Réponse internationale; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Internationally, the orphan crisis caused by the human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) pandemic remains a serious issue with long-term social consequences. At the end of 2001, an estimated 14 million children worldwide had lost their mother or both parents to AIDS or related causes. Sub-Saharan Africa is the most severely affected, accounting for more than 80 percent of those orphaned as a result of AIDS. Without the care of parents or an appointed caregiver, children are likely to face extraordinary risks of malnutrition, poor health, inadequate schooling, migration, homelessness, and abuse. Strengthening existing family and community capacity to assist orphans in Africa should be the first priority. Community support must be coupled with support for education for orphans. Combining local and international responses to deliver protection and services to all orphans and vulnerable children is critical. In addition, saving the lives of parents through access to antiretroviral therapies in resource-poor countries in conjunction with bold support for alleviation of poverty and education must be an integral part of the global response to the orphan crisis in sub-Saharan Africa.
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=12748919&dopt=AbstractArticle de périodique
Kelly, M.
Children orphaned by AIDS: a local response in Namibia
2002, Global AIDSLink, N*deg;76, 14
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Coopération internationale; Coordination; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Prévention du Sida; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Namibie; Pays en développementRésumé : The spread of HIV/AIDS is socially and economically devastating in many developing countries. The latest reports are predicting another 'crisis' within a crisis. The USAID/UNICEF/UNAIDS publication Children on the Brink 2002 argues that HIV/AIDS has caused an orphan crisis. Sub- Saharan Africa, the region hardest hit by the epidemic, has the most children affected. The statistics are overwhelming. Given the region's larger population, Asia has more orphans in absolute terms: 65.5 million to 34.3 million in sub-Saharan Africa and 8.2 million in Latin America (including the Caribbean). However, the percentage of children orphaned in sub-Saharan Africa, 12 percent, is much higher - almost twice as high as the 6.5 percent in Asia or five percent in Latin America. What is even more distressing for the sub-Saharan African region are the projections for the end of the decade. In Asia the total number of orphans is estimated to decrease by more than 8 million to just over 57 million. Similarly, in Latin America the overall number of orphans is projected to decrease by 0.6 million, to 7.6 million. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.globalhealth.orgArticle de périodique
Cantwell, N.
Children without parental care: Qualitative alternatives
2006, Early Childhood Matters, N*deg;105, p. 60
Mots clés : Enfant sans protection parentale; Méchanismes pour assumer; orphelin; Pauvreté; VIH/SIDA; Violence
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : A growing number of children around the world are currently orphaned or otherwise growing up without parents, through violence, HIV/AIDS, poverty, and natural or man-made disasters. In this issue of Early Childhood Matters we point to the lack of clear guidelines for providing adequate care for these children, and we give suggestions on how to improve existing mechanisms. (author's modified)
Notes : published by Bernard Van Leer Foundation: http://www.bernardvanleer.org/
Article de périodique
Ansell, N.; Van Blerk, L.
Children's migration as a household family strategy: coping with AIDS in Lesotho and Malawi
2004, Journal of Southern African Studies, N*deg;30, 3, p. 673-690
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Ecomonie du ménage; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête Cap; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Migrants; migration; Population; Population active; Rapport de recherche; Ressources humaines; Travail des enfants; VIH positif
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Lesotho; Malawi; Pays en développementRésumé : This article examines the diverse ways in which southern African households/families employ children's migration as a strategy to enable them to cope with the impacts of HIV/AIDS. Based on qualitative research with both guardians and migrant children, it explores how decisions are made concerning where children should live. Such decisions are aimed at both meeting children's needs and also using their capacities in meeting wider household needs. Hence strategies adopted are often compromises, based on the sense of obligation of individual relatives, household resources and needs, the perceived needs and capabilities of children, and children's own preferences. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Celerier, I.
Comment protéger les futurs orphelins?
2003, Transcriptase, N*deg;106, p. 49-53
Mots clés : Mère; orphelin; Relations familiales; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Burkina Faso; Cote d'Ivoire; TogoRésumé : Des femmes membres d'associations du Togo, de Côte d'Ivoire ou du Burkina Faso témoignent de la difficulté d'être à la fois séropositives et mères d'enfants qui risquent, un jour, de devenir orphelins.
Notes : Publié le 4 janvier 2006 sur OSI.BOUAKE.FREE.FR
Site web : http://osi.bouake.free.fr/imprimersans.php?id_article=277Article de périodique
Grassly, N. C.; Lewis, J. J.; Mahy, M.; Walker, N.; Timaeus, I. M.
Comparison of household-survey estimates with projections of mortality and orphan numbers in sub-Saharan Africa in the era of HIV/AIDS
2004, Population Studies, N*deg;58, 2, p. 207-217
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes méthodologiques; Etudes par sondage; Etudes statistiques; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Mesure; Méthodologie; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Prévalence du sida; Probabilité; Projection de population; Techniques d'estimation; Validité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The United Nations publishes estimates of HIV prevalence, AIDS mortality, and orphan numbers for all countries of the world. It is important to assess the validity of these model-based estimates since they underpin much policy concerned with care and prevention. Household surveys that ask questions about the survival of children's parents (orphanhood) offer an independent source of data with which these estimates can be compared. Survey estimates of maternal and paternal orphans are significantly lower than model estimates for 40 surveys in 36 countries of sub-Saharan Africa (p < 0.001, p = 0.002). This is probably because adult mortality from causes other than AIDS is lower than assumed in the models, although under-reporting of orphanhood in surveys may also play a role. Reducing adult mortality from causes other than AIDS brings the model estimates into close agreement with the surveys. This suggests that the fraction of orphans attributable to AIDS is greater than estimated previously. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Desgrées du Lou, A.; Msellati, P.; Viho, I.
Contraceptive use, protected sexual intercourse and incidence of pregnancies among African HIV-infected women. Ditrame ANRS 049 project, Abidjan, 1995-2000
2002, Int J STD AIDS, N*deg;13, 7, p. 462-8
Mots clés : Consultation; Femme séropositive; Fréquence des grossesses; Pratique de la contraception; Préservatif
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : The aim of this paper is to describe the adherence of African HIV+ women to the counselling provided after announcement of the result of the HIV test during pregnancy, focusing on early weaning to reduce post-natal transmission, protected sexual intercourse to avoid sexual transmission, and contraceptive use to avoid unexpected pregnancies. In 1999-2000, a questionnaire on sexual and reproductive behaviours was administered to 149 HIV+ women followed in post-partum, informed and counselled in the ANRS 049 DITRAME project in Abidjan. Cote d'Ivoire. Duration of breastfeeding, post-partum amenorrhea and abstinence, contraceptive use and condom use were measured. Incidence of pregnancies during the first 24 months post partum was estimated and modelled by a Cox regression model. Average duration of breastfeeding was 7.9 months, average duration of post partum abstinence was 12.0 months, and 39% of women used contraceptives at the time of the survey. Frequency of condom use was 13%. Incidence of pregnancies was 16.5 per 100 women-years at risk. Half of these pregnancies were not desired and a third were terminated by induced abortion. The significant determinants of the pregnancy occurrence were the death of the previous child, the cessation of breastfeeding, the cessation of the post partum abstinence, and higher education. In conclusion, if counselling on early weaning can be followed by the HIV+ women, it is not easily the case for condom and contraceptive use. Hence, pregnancy incidence in the post-partum follow-up was high. The main strategy of these HIV+ women to avoid unexpected pregnancies as well as sexual transmission of HIV seems to be an increase of the duration of post-partum abstinence. The most educated women who cannot easily adopt this strategy are particularly exposed to unwanted pregnancies.
Notes : Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and Ecole Nationale de Statistiques et d'Economie Appliquee, ENSEA, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, France
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3152&uid=12171665&db=PubMed&url=http://openurl.ingenta.com/content/nlm?genre=article&issn=0956-4624&volume=13&issue=7&spage=462&aulast=Desgrees-Du-LouArticle de périodique
Hunter, S.
Decimated demographics: the wider context of Africa's orphan crisis
2004, Global AIDSLink, N*deg;83, p. 6-7
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Critique; Culture; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Impact démographique; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : 'YOU WERE RIGHT,' USAID's Holly Fluty-Dempsey said back in 1996, as we motored south along Zambia's main highway, a landscape dotted with households devastated by poor agricultural yields. "We should have programmed half the funds into orphan care." Holly and I had just completed a strategic review of USAID/Zambia's HIV/AIDS project with a team headed by UNAIDS' Paul DeLay, and we were faced with national poverty survey data showing that the majority of people spent up to two weeks the year before without eating. At least 50 percent of Zambia's children were malnourished. "Too late now," I muttered. But Holly, currently USAID's HIV/AIDS officer in Ethiopia, returned to Washington from our trip in Zambia fired up with the conviction that her regrets would be redressed by a renewed attention to the needs of orphans in her work. Hired by Holly to review everything known about orphans, I delivered 350 pages of findings to her three months later. John Williamson, with his vast experience at USAID's Displaced Children and Orphan's Fund, was brought in to broaden the field experience. The first edition of Children on the Brink was born one year later on World AIDS Day, Dec. 1, 1997, providing the first comprehensive statistical and analytical assessment of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. (excerpt)
Notes : Global Aids Link is publisched by the Global Health Council; English
Site web : http://web.globalhealth.org/assets/publications/AL83.pdfArticle de périodique
Bicego, G.; Rutstein, S.; Johnson, K.
Dimensions of the emerging orphan crisis in sub-Saharan Africa
2003, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;56, 6, p. 1235-47
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; Epidémiologie; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Prévalence; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Santé publique; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : This study uses recent Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) data to examine levels, trends, and differentials in orphan prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. The first part of the analysis presents direct estimates of orphan prevalence in 17 countries during the period 1995-2000. We find a strong correlation between orphanhood prevalence and national adult HIV prevalence estimates lending support to the interpretation of the orphan crisis as, in large part, AIDS-related. The second part of the analysis consists of an in-depth study of trends and age-patterns in orphan prevalence and welfare in the 1990s for five countries that have had widely divergent HIV prevalence levels (Zimbabwe, Kenya, Tanzania, Ghana, and Niger). The vulnerability of orphans with respect to their situation in households and educational opportunities is evaluated in relation to non-orphans' experience. The results of the analysis indicate that losing one or both parents is significantly associated with diminished chances of being at the appropriate grade level for age. Our results are interpreted in the context of societal responses to the crisis, and potential recommendations for intervention.
Notes : 0277-9536
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-45NY293-2-K&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=03%2F31%2F2003&_qd=1&_sk=999439993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzk&md5=d1b063e382a357e5f58b1f9f3bf01369&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Ntozi, J. P.
Effect of AIDS on children: the problem of orphans in Uganda
1997, Health Transition Review, N*deg;7 Suppl, p. 23-40
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Surmortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Excess mortality due to AIDS is causing the number of orphans and proportion of orphaned children in sub-Saharan Africa to grow daily. Uganda's 1991 population and housing census identified 1,037,228 children under age 18 years who had lost at least one parent, comprising 11.6% of all children in the same age group. 48,962 boys and 47,886 girls had lost both parents. Findings are presented from the analysis of survey data collected during 1992-93 in Iganga, Mbale, Masaka, Mbarara, Kabale, and Hoima districts. There were 4502 orphans under age 18 years in the districts, for an overall orphanhood prevalence rate of 42.7%. Masaka had the highest rate at 64.0%, while Mbarara had the lowest at 21.9%. The average number of orphans per household in the sample was 2.8. Almost all of the orphans are being cared for by their extended family members. More help should be given to families to enable them to better cope with the increased number of orphans expected in the future.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Ansell, N.; Young, L.
Enabling households to support successful migration of AIDS orphans in southern Africa.
2004, AIDS Care., N*deg;16, 1, p. 3-10.
Mots clés : Communautés; Enfants confiés; Famille élargie; Interventions politiques; ménages; migration; Orphelins; SIDA; Traumatisme; tuteur
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Lesotho; MalawiRésumé : Most southern African orphans are cared for by extended families but the implications of the spatial dispersal of such families are seldom recognized: orphans often have to migrate to new homes and communities. This paper, based on qualitative research conducted with children and guardians in urban and rural Lesotho and Malawi, examines orphans' migration experiences in order to assess how successful migration might best be supported. Most children found migration traumatic in the short term, but over time many settled into new environments. Although much AIDS policy in southern Africa stresses the role of communities, the burden of care lay with extended family households. Failed migrations, which resulted in renewed migration and trauma, were attributable to one of two household-level causes: orphans feeling ill-treated in their new families or changes in guardians' circumstances. Policy interventions to reduce disruption and trauma for young AIDS migrants should aim at facilitating sustainable arrangements by enabling suitable households to provide care. Reducing the economic costs of caring for children, particularly school-related costs, would: allow children to stay with those relatives (e.g. grandparents) best able to meet their non-material needs; reduce resentment of foster children in impoverished households; and diminish the need for multiple migrations.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Taverne, B.
Enfants, mères et sida : la dimension occultée : le statut social de l'enfant orphelin
1997, Sociétés d'Afrique et Sida, N*deg;17/18, p. 7-9
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Morbidité; Mortalité; orphelin; Parenté; Santé; SIDA; Statut social; VIH
Pays : Afrique; Burkina FasoRésumé : French abstract:
La plupart des réflexions sur les modalités de prise en charge des enfants orphelins à cause du sida omettent de prendre en compte le statut social de ces enfants dans leur société. Or, le statut social d'un individu définit sa place dans sa société, et les droits et devoirs qui le lient réciproquement au corps social. L'analyse du statut social des orphelins, effectuée dans cet article, permet de révéler certains aspects des prises en charge qui leur sont accordées. Le statut social peut être appréhendé à travers la description : 1) du statut juridique : celui-ci est défini par le droit en vigueur dans la société, il constitue le cadre formel du statut social d'un individu. Dans un grand nombre de pays africains coexistent diverses formes de droits coutumiers à côté du droit moderne. Ces droits précisent toujours clairement les modalités, qu'ils imposent, de prise en charge des orphelins. 2) des pratiques sociales effectives et des explications qui en sont données par les membres de la société : les pratiques sont sous la dépendance de divers éléments dont les représentations culturelles de la nature de l'orphelin. Dans diverses sociétés d'Afrique de l'Ouest (Dagari, Mossi, Peul, Samo, etc.) l'enfant orphelin est considéré responsable du décès de ces parents dont il a pu entraîner la mort grâce à ses liens privilégiés avec les puissances suprahumaines (génies). Aussi, cet enfant inspire la crainte, et ce d'autant plus qu'il est très jeune. Cette crainte entraîne un rejet discret mais réel qui se traduit par une moindre attention à ses besoins de la part des personnes à qui il a été confié, par un isolement volontaire par rapport aux autres enfants, parfois même, par un abandon complet de l'enfant. La méconnaissance des modes de transmission du sida (peur d'une contamination par simple contact ou par morsure) ne fait qu'accroître les craintes dont sont l'objet les orphelins. Le statut social est un des nombreux déterminants des modalités de la prise en charge des orphelins, sa connaissance est indispensable à la compréhension des modes de prise en charge qu'une société est susceptible de mettre en place à l'égard de ses enfants.
English abstract:
Knowledge of the social status given an HIV/AIDS orphan is an essential element in understanding the various types of care that a society sets up for these children. It is noted that in most studies, the exact nature of the orphaned child's social status, in the context of the society in which he or she lives, is never described with any precision. This paper provides a brief description of the social status of orphans in the Mossi society in Burkina Faso. It focuses on several themes, including: 1) the social status of the orphaned child among the Mossi; 2) the orphan and the law; 3) social practices relating to orphans; 4) impact of social status on the care an orphan receives; 5) similar cultural representations of the orphan in other societies; 6) consequences for orphans whose parents have died from AIDS; and 7) the hidden dimension of the social status of the orphan. Based on the discussion, it is recommended that those concerned should be looking beyond childhood and carrying out systematic and comparative research studies into the circumstances and the types of social exclusion in African societies.Notes : Français
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Denis, P.
Enhancing resilience in times of AIDS. The Memory Box Programme of the University of KwaZulu-Natal
2004, AIDS Bulletin, N*deg;13, 2, p. 7
Mots clés : Activités cliniques; Activités de programme; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Communication interpersonnelle; Comportement; Consultation; Education; Effets d'âge; Emotions; Enfant; Enfants; Enregistrements; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Information; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Perception; Population; Programme de formation; Programmes; Rapport condensé; SIDA; Traitement de l'information; VIH
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Thandazile is six years old. She is an orphan. Her mother, Sibongile, died of AIDS when she was small. She has two uncles. One is twenty eight and the other sixteen. But they are incapable of looking after her. She lived with them for some time after her mother's death and they started abusing her. Fortunately, Sibongile's friend, Nokulunga found out that the child was being mistreated and took her to her home. Since then, they have lived together. Thandazile calls Nokulunga 'Auntie '. Thandazile is withdrawn. When one speaks to her, she does not answer. This is hardly surprising! To be an orphan is not a pleasant thing, even if cared for by somebody. Orphans keep remembering their mother and wonder what happened to her. But there is another reason why Thandazile does not look happy. Her story is complicated. She does not know her father. While Sibongile was alive, there were relationship problems in the family. The problems continued after Sibongile died. This is why Thandazile is unhappy today. If Thandazile continues to be left in the dark, her chances of growing up well and preparing for her future are slender. How can one make friends and do well at school if one does not know what happened in one's family? But Thandazile is lucky. One day, Nokulunga, her caregiver, heard of a new way of dealing with children in grief. She is a volunteer in an AIDS organisation in the Natal Midlands. All the volunteers had been invited to a training workshop on memory boxes. Memory boxes help families that have experienced sickness and death to tell their stories so that the children can cope better. The children receive a box, they decorate it and they put into it the photos, letters, documents, clothes and other things that remind them of their mothers or fathers. When they look at their memory box, they feel happy and more like the other children in the community. And this helps them too. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Nyamukapa, C.; Gregson, S.
Extended family's and women's roles in safeguarding orphans' education in AIDS-afflicted rural Zimbabwe
2005, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;60, 10, p. 2155-67
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Education; Education primaire; Education scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Femme; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : The extended family forms the basis for orphan care and education in sub-Saharan Africa. Initial absence followed by emergence of differentials in primary school enrollment between orphans and non-orphans have been attributed to the strength and subsequent HIV/AIDS-induced breakdown of extended family orphan care arrangements. Yet, few attempts have been made to describe how these arrangements are affected by HIV/AIDS or how they relate to observed patterns of childhood outcomes by sex and orphan status. We use a combination of quantitative and qualitative data to show that maternal orphans but not paternal or double orphans have lower primary school completion rates than non-orphans in rural Zimbabwe, and that these patterns reflect adaptations and gaps in extended family orphan care arrangements. Sustained high levels of primary school completion amongst paternal and double orphans--particularly for girls--result from increased residence in female-headed households and greater access to external resources. Low primary school completion amongst maternal orphans results from lack of support from fathers and stepmothers and ineligibility for welfare assistance due to residence in higher socio-economic status households. These effects are partially offset by increased assistance from maternal relatives. These findings indicate that programmes should assist maternal orphans and support women's efforts by reinforcing the roles of extended families and local communities, and by facilitating greater self-sufficiency.
Notes : 0277-9536
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-4F14YNV-1-1&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=05%2F01%2F2005&_qd=1&_sk=999399989&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzz-zSkWA&md5=48ef876ffb6aa2dff4a5e240793fab9f&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Foster, G.; Makufa, C.; Drew, R. S.; Kralovec, E.
Factors leading to the establishment of child-headed households: the case of Zimbabwe
1997, Health Transition Review, N*deg;7 Suppl 2, p. 155-68
Mots clés : Adolescent; Adolescents; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant chef de ménage; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Questionnaires; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : This study presents findings from interviews with 27 child- and 16 adolescent-headed households in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, on the factors associated with the formation of these households. In these 43 households, there were 15 adults aged over 24 years, 23 adolescents aged 18-24 years, and 146 children aged under 18 years. The median age of respondents was 16 years. 27 households consisted of children or adolescents caring for younger children. 13 households had adult members, of which 7 were grandparents who were very ill or handicapped. One household had a mentally retarded mother. Two households had aunts who were unable to care for the children. Only 1 household was in an urban area. 95% were orphans who had lost a parent. Both parents had died in 30 orphan households. 84% of maternal deaths, and 74% of paternal deaths, occurred during 1993-96. 25 households had female heads, and 18 had male heads. 25 female heads were older sisters. 14 male heads were older brothers. Heads were as young as 9-11 years old. 75% of households were established during 1995-96. Most households were established in the same year as the parent's death. 21 children or adolescents became heads during or following the death of a parent. One child assumed the headship after a mother deserted. In 14 households, children or adolescents became heads after the death of grandparents, aunts, or unrelated household heads. The young age of heads is reported as being due to a lack of known relatives to care for the family, relatives' disinterest in caring for orphans, and a lack of means to care for the children. 17 children left 13 households during the study to live with other relatives. 16 households received regular visits from relatives. 14 households received material support from relatives. 10 households with known relatives did not receive any support. The households reflect new coping approaches to AIDS.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Young, L.; Ansell, N.
Fluid households, complex families: the impacts of children's migrations as a reponse to HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa
2003, The Professional Geographer, N*deg;55, 4, p. 464-476
Mots clés : migration; SIDA; VIH
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du SudRésumé : The fluidity of southern African families is related to a long history of internal and external migration. Currently, HIV/AIDS is having a dramatic impact on extended family structures, with the migration of individual members employed as a coping strategy. Children's migration is one aspect of this that is often distinct from that undertaken by other household members. This article is based on qualitative research conducted in Lesotho and Malawi with young migrants and the households that receive them. It examines the processes of fragmentation and re-formation of households through the movements of children that are taking place in response to HIV/AIDS, and explores the impacts these processes have on young migrants and the households they join.
Site web : http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/bpl/prog/2003/00000055/00000004/art00005Article de périodique
Madhavan, S.
Fosterage patterns in the age of AIDS: continuity and change
2004, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;58, 7, p. 1443-54
Mots clés : Activités financières; Assistance publique; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Discrimination sociale; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Financement; Gouvernement; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Placement familial; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Réseaux de parenté; Revue de la littérature; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : An estimated 4 million children, or about 10% of the entire South African population, will be orphaned by the year 2015. There is growing consensus that the extended family system is no longer capable of providing for orphans given severe economic constraints. There is, therefore, an urgency to develop appropriate interventions to support families and take care of these children. This article examines some of the existing literature on child fosterage and uses it to highlight understudied aspects of the current situation of children orphaned through AIDS in South Africa. Of particular concern are the points of continuity and change in fosterage patterns before and after the onset of the epidemic in South Africa. I suggest that an understanding of the short- and long-term consequences for children orphaned by AIDS in South Africa calls for historical contextualisation given that child fostering, both voluntarily and involuntarily, has been a feature of black family life since well before the onset of HIV/AIDS. In addition, I demonstrate the value of examining kinship, family, and networks in order to fully understand the circumstances of fostering these children. The paper concludes with a call for more research on children orphaned by AIDS in South Africa that will provide not only more data, but also enrich theoretical approaches to studying patterns of child fosterage in Africa and elsewhere.
Notes : 0277-9536
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=14759688; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-49C5C91-1-1&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=browse&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2004&_sk=999419992&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzk&md5=b1a6a0fbf32cd5c3ac2ba3af6dd1569f&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Oni, J. B.
Fostered children's perception of their health care and illness treatment in Ekiti Yoruba households, Nigeria
1995, Health Transition Review, N*deg;5, 1, p. 21-34
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Contexte culturel; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Groupes ethniques; Jeunesse; Maladies; Morbidité; Perception; Placement familial; Population; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; Traitement
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Nigeria; Pays en développementRésumé : Data were collected in six communities in Ondo State, Nigeria, between April 1993 and February 1994 which yielded a total sample of 1538 Yoruba households to assess fostering and household responses to various childhood illnesses. Married women aged 15-49 with at least one surviving child under 15 years of age were interviewed, and in addition seven focus group discussions were held. A total of 4228 children were listed in these households out of whom 341 (8%) were fostered children. A total of 2279 children were reported ill, 168 of them were fostered children. There was a difference in general body pains (51 instances) between fostered children (6%) and nonfostered children (2%), as well as in skin-related illnesses (5% vs. 3%, respectively; n = 81), probably attributable to the fact that fostered children are expected to do heavy household work. Causes of malaria were thought to be hard labor or exposure to sun for 25% of fostered vs. 17% of nonfostered children; environmental, for 4% vs. 2%; and evil spirits, for 43% vs. 32%. The mother noticed the child's illness in 42% of fostered children vs. 89% of own children. 29% of fostered children complained before their illness was noticed vs. 4% of own children (p < 0.001). The mean duration of interval between awareness of illness and seeking treatment was 2 days for all child illnesses: 2 days for own children and 3.9 days for fostered children (p < 0.001). These facts indicate that despite the assistance foster children receive from their foster parents, they face a higher risk of malnutrition, morbidity, and subsequently mortality than other children in the household as a result of the different care and treatment they receive. Some case studies of differential treatment are also presented which indicate the lesser sensitivity of foster parents to these children. Attitudinal changes also seem to have started which could halt fostering, causing a significant impact on the household budget of poor families and possibly fertility.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Cessou, S.
Générations orphelins
2005, Alternatives internationales, N*deg;23, p. 32 - 34
Mots clés : Orphelins; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du SudRésumé : D'ici à 2010, l'Afrique comptera 22 millions d'orphelins du sida, dont 3 millions pour la seule Afrique du Sud. L'absence de politique globale en faveur de ces sans famille prépare une crise sans précédent. (Auteur)
Site web : http://www.alternatives-internationales.fr/article.php3?id_article=122Article de périodique
Rankin, B.
Gleanings from a central African inter-religious workshop
2001, Global AIDSLink, N*deg;70, p. 10
Mots clés : Atelier de travail; Conférences et congrès; Education; Evaluation; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Personne séropositive; Personnel administratif; Politiciens; Prévention du Sida; Religion; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : This is a landlocked, densely populated, and impoverished country of 10 million people. Eighty thousand died here last year of AIDS-related illnesses. Clinicians report HIV prevalence higher than the official 15 percent. Approximately 64 percent of the population is Christian, 19 percent practice traditional African religions, and 16 percent are Muslim. A Malawi AIDS Commissioner indicated that HIV prevalence among 15 - to 24- year-old girls is six times greater than for boys the same age. Mother-to-child transmission rates are climbing and ill people are stigmatized everywhere. A university professor spoke about the country's youth. He said half of Malawi's population is 15 years old or younger. Of particular urgency are changing youth behaviors, promoting gender equity, and involving religious organizations in modifying problematic practices. Among these, we were later told, are fisi, when a girl "has sex" with a man after her first menstrual period (the word apparently means hyena,) kulowa kufa, when a designated man comes at night to "have sex" with a widow before her husband can be buried, and chokolo, widow inheritance, apparently practiced in northern Malawi. Various other speakers had much to say about poverty: "Improving nutrition for people who are ill is difficult when we are hungry and without food." "Even the Malawians who can read don't read much" (referring to older adults). I was handed a proposal aiming to provide one balanced meal per orphan per week. Poverty aggravates the abysmal status of girls and women: "The poorer a woman is, the more likely she will become a sex worker to support herself." "Sometimes young girls undergoing fisi become pregnant thereafter." Many of the women conferees were married to men who had other wives as well. I met no woman possessing rights comparable to those of men. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.globalhealth.org/publications/contents.php3?id=1&issue=70Article de périodique
Aubel, J.
Grandmothers Promote Maternal and Child Health: the Role of Indigenous Knowledge Systems' Managers
2006, Indigenous Knowledge Notes, World Bank, N*deg;No. 89, p. 4 p.
Mots clés : Grand-mères; Personne âgée; Santé de la mère
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne
Site web : http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTINDKNOWLEDGE/Resources/iknt89.pdfArticle de périodique
Bedri, N. M.
Grandmothers' influence on mother and child health
1995, Ahfad Journal, N*deg;12, 1, p. 74-86
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Comportement; Education; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Famille et ménage; Lien de parenté; Méthodologie de recherche; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; Santé de la mère
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Pays en développement; SoudanRésumé : This study is based on interviews with grandmothers during July-September 1992-93 in Sudan. The study shows that grandmothers play a significant role in health education and child care within families in the Sudan. Grandmothers, who are not aware of the changes in knowledge, also promote harmful traditions. The authors recommend that health education be directed to elderly women and grandmothers in order to change beliefs and practices that continue to be harmful to children and mothers. Grandmothers were found to give sound advice on child birth, such as movement during labor, breast feeding immediately after birth, and birth intervals of 2-4 years. Grandmothers also gave sound advice on good nutritional practices during pregnancy and use of fermented cereals as weaning foods. Grandmothers recommended use of fenugreek for lactating mothers and use of mint and haharaib for stomach upsets, remedies that are beneficial. Babul is useful after an episiotomy for its antibacterial effects. Harmful advice includes recircumcision after delivery, short birth intervals, and avoidance of contraception. Female genital mutilation (FGM) is a major practice that exposes girls and mothers to a greater risk of mortality during childbirth and pregnancy. The sample of grandmothers agreed on the importance of sex education for a girl before marriage. Unfortunately, 57% of grandmothers recommended 14 years as a suitable age for marriage. Grandmothers generally believed wrongly that riding bicycles, drinking coffee, and wearing trousers by girls would increase their sexual desires. Grandmothers explained menstruation to granddaughters and offered home-made remedies for cramps. 45% believed that there were no disadvantages to FGM and recommended FGM at ages 2-5 years. Most viewed fevers as a danger that required a doctor's care. Advice varied among grandmothers according to socioeconomic class.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Lindblade, K. A.; Odhiambo, F.; Rosen, D. H.; De Cock, K. M.
Health and nutritional status of orphans <6 years old cared for by relatives in western Kenya.
2003, Trop Med Int Health., N*deg;8, 1, p. 67-72
Mots clés : Analyse transversale; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Indicateurs nutritionnels; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Morbidité; Nutrition; Orphelins; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Programmes nutritionnels; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA; Soins de santé primaire
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : One of the consequences of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa is the increase in the number of orphans, estimated to have reached 6-11% of children <15 years old in 2000. Orphans who stay in their communities may be at increased risk for poor health due to reduced circumstances and loss of parental care. We have used data from a population-based study in rural western Kenya to compare basic health and nutritional indicators between non-orphaned children <6 years old and children who lost either or both of their parents. In June 2000, all children <6 years old who had been recruited for a cross-sectional survey in 60 villages of Rarieda Division, western Kenya, in June 1999 were invited to return for a follow-up survey. Basic demographic characteristics, including the vital status of the child's parents, and health histories were requested from all 1190 participants of the follow-up survey, along with a finger-prick blood sample for determination of malaria parasite status and haemoglobin (Hb) levels. Height-for-age (H/A) and weight-for-height (W/H) Z-scores were also calculated from anthropometric measurements. Overall, 7.9% of the children had lost one or both their parents (6.4% had lost their father, 0.8% had lost their mother and 0.7% had lost both parents). While there was no difference between orphans and non-orphans regarding most of the key health indicators (prevalence of fever and malaria parasitaemia, history of illness, Hb levels, H/A Z scores), W/H Z-scores in orphans were almost 0.3 standard deviations lower than those of non-orphans. This association was more pronounced among paternal orphans and those who had lost a parent more than 1 year ago. These results suggest that the health status of surviving orphans living in their community is similar to that of the non-orphan population, but longitudinal cohort studies should be conducted to determine better the overall impact of orphanhood on child health.
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=3046&uid=12535253&db=pubmed&url=http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/openurl?genre=article&sid=nlm:pubmed&issn=1360-2276&date=2003&volume=8&issue=1&spage=67Article de périodique
Bachmann, M. O.; Booysen, F.
Health and socioeconomic impact of HIV AIDS on South African households: cohort study
2003, BMC Public Health, N*deg;3, 1, p. 28 p.
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Entretiens; étude; études; Etudes comparatives; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; procuration des soins à domicile; Rapport de recherche; Recueil de données; Régression statistique; Santé; Santé publique; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : South African households are severely affected by Human Immunodeficiency Virus/Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (HIV/AIDS) but health and economic impacts have not been quantified in controlled cohort studies. Methods: We compared households with an HIV-infected member, and unaffected neighbouring households, in one rural and one urban area in Free State province, South Africa. Interviews were conducted with one key informant in each household, at baseline and six months later. We studied 1913 members of 404 households, with 94% and 96% follow up, respectively. Household and individual level analyses were done. Results: Members of affected households, compared to members of unaffected households, were independently more likely to be continuously ill (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 2.1, 95% CI 1.3-3.4 at follow up), and to die (adjusted OR 3.4, 95% CI 1.0-11), mainly due to infectious diseases. Government clinics and hospitals were the main sources of health care. Affected households were poorer than unaffected households at baseline (relative income per person 0.61, 95% CI 0.49-0.76). Over six months expenditure and income decreased more rapidly in affected than in unaffected households (baseline-adjusted relative expenditure 0.86, 95% CI 0.75-0.99 and income 0.89, 95% CI 0.75-1.05). Baseline morbidity was independently associated with lower income and expenditure at baseline but not with changes over six months. Conclusions: HIV/AIDS affects the health and wealth of households as well as infected individuals, aggravating pre-existing poverty. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Leyenaar, J. K.
HIV AIDS and Africa's orphan crisis
2005, Paediatrics and Child Health, N*deg;10, 5, p. 259-260
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Critique; Dynamique de la population; Effets à long terme; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie; Facteur temps; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychosociaux; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Santé; Santé mentale; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : The number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS in the developing world has reached crisis proportions. In Sub-Saharan Africa, HIV/AIDS has exacerbated poverty in many communities and has weakened the capacity of many countries to care for their orphaned children. The present article discusses orphanage care and its alternatives in Sub-Saharan Africa. The physical and mental health effects of parental loss are discussed and the psychosocial impacts of institutional care are reviewed. Foster care is discussed as a potential long- term strategy to help communities cope with the rising numbers of HIV/AIDS orphans. The importance of community-based care is highlighted. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Booysen, F.; Van Rensburg, D.; Engelbrecht, M.; Steyn, F.
HIV AIDS and orphaned children: a household impact study
2002, AIDS Analysis Africa, N*deg;12, 5, p. 8-10
Mots clés : Analyse; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Impact du Sida; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; Rapport condensé
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : This article explores the orphan problem using data collected during a household impact study conducted in June/July 2001 at two sites in the Free State Province of South Africa. The impact of HIV/AIDS was assessed by means of a cohort study of households affected by the disease, and compared with a control group of matched households not currently affected by the disease. The results presented in this article draw comparisons between affected and non-affected households. Evidence shows that levels of orphanhood in communities where HIV prevalence rates are relatively high are indeed substantial, with a relatively large proportion of children having lost at least one parent. It also shows that a large number of households are sheltering orphans, both ones already directly affected by the epidemic and ones where illness and death has not struck. Consequently, the improved efficiency of an access to support systems should be a matter of priority for government departments responsible for delivering these services.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Ng'weshemi, J.; Urassa, M.; Isingo, R.; Mwaluko, G.; Ngalula, J.
HIV impact on mother and child mortality in rural Tanzania
2003, AIDS, N*deg;33, 3, p. 393-404
Mots clés : Analyse démographique; Caractéristiques de la famille; Durée de vie; Dynamique de la population; Enquête; Enquête démographique et de santé; Enquêtes; Enquêtes démographiques; étude de population; Etudes longitudinales; Etudes par sondage; Evaluation; Evaluation des risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs géographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mère; Méthode d'analyse des tables de mortalité; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Mortalité infantile; Mortalité juvénile; Mortalité maternelle; Parents; Personne séropositive; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Santé de la mère; Survie; Survie de l'enfant; Zones rurales
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : Child mortality in Tanzania rose from 137 per 1000 in 1992-1996 to 147 per 1000 in 1995-1999. Impact of HIV on child mortality is analyzed in a longitudinal community-based study in Kisesa ward, Mwanza region. HIV data on 4273 mothers from 3 rounds of serologic testing are linked to survival information for 6049 children born between 1994 and 2001, contributing 10,002 person-years of observation and 584 child deaths. Impacts of maternal survival and HIV status on child mortality are assessed using hazard analysis. Infant mortality for children of HIV-positive mothers was 158 per 1000 live births compared with 79 per 1000 for children of uninfected mothers; by age 5, child mortality risks were 270 per 1000 live births and 135 per 1000, respectively. Fifty-one deaths were observed among child-bearing women, 14 to HIV-positive mothers. Infant mortality among children whose mothers died was 489 per 1000 live births compared with 84 per 1000 for children of surviving mothers. Maternal death effects were statistically independent of HIV status. Allowing for age, sex, twinning, birth interval, maternal education, and residence, the child death hazard ratio for maternal HIV infection was 2.3 (1.7-3.3); hazard ratio associated with maternal death was 4.8 (2.7-8.4). The HIV-attributable fraction of infant mortality is 8.3% in a population in which prevalence among women giving birth is around 6.2%. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.synergyaids.com/MTCTCDRom/MTCTPDFs/wp-02-58.pdfArticle de périodique
Gregson, S.; Nyamukapa, C.; Garnett, G.; Wambe, M.; Lewis, J. J.
HIV infection and reproductive health in teenage women orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS in Zimbabwe
2005, AIDS Care, N*deg;17, 7, p. 785-794
Mots clés : Adolescent; Adolescents; Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement procréateur; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Fécondité; Féminin; Grossesse d'adolescente; Infection à VIH; Infections; Infections de l'appareil génital; Jeunesse; Maladie sexuellement transmissible; Maladie virale; Maladies; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Santé de la reproduction; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : AIDS has increased the number of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) in sub-Saharan Africa who could suffer detrimental life experiences. We investigated whether OVCs have heightened risks of adverse reproductive health outcomes including HIV infection. Data on HIV infection, sexually transmitted infection (STI) symptoms and pregnancy, and common risk factors were collected for OVCs and non-OVCs in a population survey of 1523 teenage children in eastern Zimbabwe between July 2001 and March 2003. Multivariate logistic regression was used to test for statistical association between OVC status, adverse reproductive health outcomes and suspected risk factors. Amongst women aged 15_/18 years, OVCs had higher HIV prevalence than non-OVCs (3.2% versus 0.0%; p = 0.002) and more common experience of STI symptoms (5.9% versus 3.3%; adjusted odds ratio = 1.75, 95% CI 0.80-3.80) and teenage pregnancy (8.3% versus 1.9%; 4.25, 1.58-11.42). OVCs (overall), maternal orphans and young women with an infected parent were more likely to have received no secondary school education and to have started sex and married, which, in turn, were associated with poor reproductive health. Amongst men aged 17-18 years, OVC status was not associated with HIV infection (0.5% versus 0.0%; p = 1.000) or STI symptoms (2.7% versus 1.6%; p = 0.529). No association was found between history of medical injections and HIV risk amongst teenage women and men. High proportions of HIV infections, STIs and pregnancies among teenage girls in eastern Zimbabwe can be attributed to maternal orphanhood and parental HIV. Many of these could be averted through further female secondary school education. Predicted substantial expanded increases in orphanhood could hamper efforts to slow the acquisition of HIV infection in successive generations of young adults, perpetuating the vicious cycle of poverty and disease. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Nalugoda, F.
HIV infection in rural households, Rakai district, Uganda
1997, Health Transition Review, N*deg;Vol. 7 Suppl 2, p. 127-140.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enregistrment des données; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Impact; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida; Population; Population rurale; Prévalence; Rapport de recherche; Recueil de données; Resencement; Statistiques démographiques
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The Rakai Project conducted a population-based cohort study in rural Rakai District, Uganda, a region with high rates of HIV prevalence. The cohort population described here was followed between 1990 and 1992 and consisted of all residents aged 15 years or more living in 1945 households in 31 community clusters. A detailed census was conducted at baseline in every study household. Census data were updated annually, and all inter-survey deaths, births, and migrations were recorded. Immediately following each annual census, all consenting adults were administered a socio-demographic, behavioural and health survey, and provided a blood sample for HIV testing. HIV prevalence in the study population was high, with 19.1 per cent of adults aged 15 or more years being HIV-positive. By household, the burden of infection was even more pronounced: 31.3 per cent of households had at least one HIV-infected resident adult. Twenty seven per cent of heads of households were also HIV-positive. Overall, 3.6 per cent of study households experienced the death of an HIV-positive adult per year, and another two per cent lost an HIV-negative adult. HIV-related adult mortality had substantially more effect on subsequent household dependency ratio and on material possessions than the death of an HIV-uninfected adult, in part because the former deaths were concentrated in adults aged 15-49, the most economically active age group in this rural population. Just under 15 per cent of children aged 14 years or less had lost one or both parents, and approximately half of these parental losses are estimated to be associated with HIV infection. Nineteen per cent of study households reported at least one resident child who had lost one or both parents. Although there is evidence that loss of a parent is associated with lower school attendance, orphans overall continue to be absorbed by community households which are headed by adults. HIV infection is very prevalent among adults in Rakai and the associated mortality imposes a substantial social and economic burden on households in the district.
Article de périodique
Serwadda, D.; Wawer, M. J.; Musgrave, S. D.; Sewankambo, N. K.; Kaplan, J. E.; Gray, R. H.
HIV risk factors in three geographic strata of rural Rakai District, Uganda
1992, Aids, N*deg;6, 9, p. 983-9
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Circoncision; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Connaissance de la laboratoire; Connaissances à partir d'examens; Effets d'âge; Examen en laboratoire et diagnostique; Examens et diagnostic; Facteurs de genre; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Partenaires multiples; Partenaires sexuels; Population; Population rurale; Prévalence; Recueil de données
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This study sought to examine risk factors for HIV-1 infection in 3 geographic strata (main road trading centers that service local and international traffic, small trading villages on secondary dirt roads that serve as foci for local communications, and agricultural villages off main and secondary roads) in Rakai District, Uganda. Serological, sociodemographic, knowledge/behaviors, and health surveys were conducted in 21 randomly selected community clusters and complete data was collected for 1292 consenting adults. 15% of the men and 24% of the women were HIV-1 positive. On univariate analysis, several sociodemographic and behavioral factors were significantly associated with risk of HIV infection, including age, place of residence, travel, occupation, marital status, number of sexual partners; sex for money or gifts, history of sexually transmitted diseases (STD), and history of injections. On multivariate analysis, age, residence, and number of sex partners remained significantly associated with HIV infection in both sexes; a history of STD and not having been circumcised were significant in men. There was a significant interaction between place of residence and reported number of sexual partners. For any given level of sexual activity, the risk of HIV infection was markedly increased if the background community prevalence was high. Sexual transmission appears to be the primary behavioral risk factor for infection, but the risks associated with this factor vary substantially between the 3 geographic strata. These data can be used to design targeted interventions. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Baggaley, R.; Sulwe, J.; Chilala, M.; Mashambe, C.
HIV stress in primary school teachers in Zambia
1999, Bulletin of the World Health Organization, N*deg;77, 3, p. 284-7
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Délit; Dynamique de la population; Education primaire; Education scolaire; Effets d'âge; Elèves; Enfant; Enfants; Enseignants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Morbidité; Mortalité; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Personnalité; Population; Population Urbaine; Problèmes sociaux; Rapport de recherche; Sexualité; Stress; Surmortalité; Violence domestique
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : 20-35% of women attending urban antenatal clinics in Zambia are infected with HIV, while studies conducted on saliva samples in Lusaka and Kapiri Mposhi District have shown that 20-50% of men and women aged 25-35 years are HIV-positive. Only 56% of children aged 7-13 years attend school, less than 30% continue on to secondary school, and at least 1 orphan is cared for in 37% of households. The authors investigated the extent to which these and other factors are responsible for stress among primary school teachers. 2 teachers from each of the 16 schools in Lusaka participated in a 2-week-long stress management and counseling course. 6-8 months later, 19 of the teachers were interviewed for 1-2 hours each. Two-thirds of the teachers interviewed were women, mostly aged 30-40 years. Average class sizes in the schools were 40-49 students. Teachers' students were strongly affected by poverty, death, and the illness of parents, other students, and teachers, as well as by teenage sex and pregnancy, domestic violence, and low self-esteem among the girls. The HIV epidemic was strongly related to these stress-causing concerns. Despite the training they had received, many teachers felt that they could not adequately counsel their students on these issues. The teachers need ongoing support and training to enable them to cope with such stress.
Notes : 1999; English
Site web : http://www.who.int/docstore/bulletin/pdf/issue3/bu3219.pdfArticle de périodique
The Consultative Group On Early Childhood Care and Development
HIV/AIDS and Early Childhood
2002, Coordinators' notebook: An International Resource for Early Childhood Development, N*deg;No.26, p. 70 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Jeunesse; Petite enfance; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : We would hope to complement and coordinate this information with the proposed work of the Consultative Group over the next year to 1) systematically compile and disseminate information and lessons learned around the work on HIV and the young child within and, most importantly, beyond the CGECCD consortium; 2) get Early Years issues on the agendas of International meetings and National level planning meetings related to HIV/AIDS and visa versa; and 3) to develop proposals to take the work forward (joint action by the CG consortium and other interested organisations/networks).The overall aim is to build up momentum during this next year through a series of coordinated and linked meetings, discussions, and dissemination/communication efforts by the CG consortium to culminate in a major, high-profile meeting. Please visit www.ecdgroup.com for updates on our progress. (Introduction)
Site web : http://www.ecdgroup.com/pdfs/CN26withphotos.pdfArticle de périodique
O'Hare, B. A.; Venables, J.; Nalubeg, J. F.; Nakakeeto, M.; Kibirige, M; Southall, D. P.
Home-based care for orphaned children infected with HIV/AIDS in Uganda
2005, Aids Care, N*deg;17, 4, p. 443-50.
Mots clés : Activités de programme; Caractéristiques de la population; Classe inférieure; Classe sociale; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Niveau socio-économique; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Programmes; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Services de santé; Soin à domicile
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The primary aim of this paper is to describe an outreach programme from a main state hospital in sub-Saharan Africa, which has been running for three years. This programme is based in Mulago Hospital, Kampala, Uganda and cares for up to 200 children infected with HIV/AIDS in their home. We describe the clinic and how we meet the families and enrol them, the infrastructure of the programme and the personnel involved. Children and their families receive physical, psychological and social care and we describe each aspect of this. The knowledge base about older children with AIDS in Africa is scarce and the secondary aim of this paper is to publish observations that were made while providing care. This includes demographics and the health problems encountered among children living with HIV/AIDS in a resource-poor setting who do not receive antiretroviral medication. Finally, we discuss the strengths and weaknesses of this model of care and the prerequisites to setting up a similar model.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Carswell, J. W.
Impact of AIDS in the developing world
1988, British Medical Bulletin, N*deg;44, 1, p. 183-202
Mots clés : Charges de famille; Dynamique de la population; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Impact démographique; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Morbidité; Mortalité; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique Centrale; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développement; République démocratique du Congo; ZambieRésumé : Some features of the HIV infection are unique to the developing world (as exemplified by Africa, which is the frontline continent for AIDS). The infection affects all social groups, and since it is spread by heterosexual activity, it affects equal numbers of men and women, and the infection of women has dire consequences for population structure. Opportunistic infections are caused by organisms against which there is no effective treatment. Health budgets, with an average of $10 per capita, cannot buy such drugs as are available. Political instability and poverty create a climate favorable to casual sex and prostitution. Infection is highest among adults in their 20s and 30s, when the men are most productive economically, and the women have begun but not completed their childbearing. In Zaire the mean age at infection is 37 for men and 30 for women, and the mean age at death in Zambia is 35 for men and 26 for women. Seroprevalence is as high as 76% (among barmaids in Uganda), and at least half of the spouses of seropositive persons are infected. The number of new cases at 1 hospital in Kampala was 3-8/day in 1986. Using what is known about AIDS and what is know about the population structure in African countries, it is possible to model the impact of AIDS on a typical developing country with a population of 10 million. If seropositivity were 5%, 20.000 cases of AIDS could be expected each year among 15-50-year olds, with an additional 1500 cases among newborns. At least half of the babies of seropositive women will be seropositive. For every adult death, 20 man- or 40 woman-hours of work will be lost. The deaths of young married women will leave an immense burden of sick and dying orphans on extended families whose kinship ties are no longer close enough to cope, in countries which have no institutional facilities for orphan care. The number of opportunistic infections will increase, and, unless AIDS patients are turned away, health resources will be drained from potentially curable diseases. The number of people willing to practice medicine, nursing, and midwifery will diminish, and the burden of AIDS care will fall on already overcrowded, large urban hospitals. Blood transfusions will become unavailable because no one will want to be tested for HIV seropositivity. Xenophobia will characterize international relations, and governments will collapse, as educated decision-makers and managers die and cannot be replaced. The only bright spots in this otherwise dismal prospect are the increased awareness of young people of the need for chastity and monogamy, with an attendant fall in the level of sexually transmitted diseases generally; an acceleration in the development of health services and diagnostic facilities; the possibility of the development of a vaccine from the more benign HIV-2; a renewal of social life not based on sex; and a return to transcendental values and faith in God.
Notes : English
Site web : http://bmb.oxfordjournals.org/cgi/content/abstract/44/1/183Article de périodique
Mukiza-Gapere, J.; Ntozi, J. P.
Impact of AIDS on the family and mortality in Uganda
1995, Health Transition Review, N*deg;5 Suppl, p. 191-200
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Dynamique de la population; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Héritage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Population; Propriété; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : A study is being conducted to examine household composition and family structure in the context of high AIDS-related mortality in Hoima, Iganga, Kabale, Masaka, Mbale, and Mbarara districts. The first phase of the study involved the review of ethnographic materials on the populations in the six districts, collecting information from elders and youths through focus group discussions, and the administration of an individual elders' questionnaire. The second phase was a large-scale household survey in the districts to document recent changes in household composition and family structure, while phase three will be carried out three years after the second phase. That final phase will involve re-surveying areas covered in phase two to determine any subsequent changes which have occurred in the communities. This paper presents the results from the elder's survey conducted during phase one. A total of 143 elders, 109 men and 34 women, were interviewed. The respondents were at least 45 years old and all were heads of households. The survey posed questions on household composition, mortality, morbidity, the impact of AIDS upon the family, general health status of the community, and migration. Findings are presented on family composition and structure, AIDS mortality, feelings of loss by elders, and changes in funeral rites and inheritance.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Preble, E. A.
Impact of HIV/AIDS on African children
1990, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;31, 6, p. 671-80
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille et ménage; Impact démographique; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Population; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; Prévalence; SIDA; Techniques d'estimation
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : In Central and East Africa, pediatric human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) are becoming increasing threats to child health due to the predominance of heterosexual transmission of HIV, high HIV infection rates in women of reproductive age and high birth rates. This paper examines the potential impact of HIV/AIDS on orphanhood and under-five mortality in 10 Central and East African countries. The author estimates that, in the 10 countries studied, HIV/AIDS in children under age five will cause between one-quarter and half a million child deaths annually by the year 2000. Whereas the United Nations estimate (without AIDS) and target for the under-five mortality rate in this 10-country region by the year 2000 are 132 and 78, respectively, HIV/AIDS will cause the under-five mortality rate to rise to between 159 and 189. Increasing HIV/AIDS-related adult mortality is creating a large and growing number of children under age 15 whose mothers have died of HIV/AIDS. During the 1990s, HIV/AIDS will kill a total of between 1.5 and 2.9 million women of reproductive age in this region, producing between 3.1 and 5.5 million AIDS orphans--which means that between 6 and 11% of the population under age 15 will be orphaned. National and international government and nongovernment service providers in Central and East Africa need to recognize this potential impact of HIV/AIDS on children, expand AIDS-prevention efforts, and develop policies and programs to address children's HIV/AIDS-related needs.
Notes : 0277-9536
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Timaeus, I. M.
Impact of the HIV epidemic on mortality in sub-Saharan Africa: evidence from national surveys and censuses
1998, Aids, N*deg;12 Suppl 1, p. 15-27
Mots clés : Dynamique de la population; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Population; Surmortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Measures of mortality during the 1990s are presented for the African countries which have collected census and survey data on mortality in their national populations. Mortality trends are assessed in the following manners: by comparing data collected during the 1990s with those from the 1980s, using the retrospective reports of the survival of women's children and siblings collected in Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS), and by comparing the DHS estimates with estimates made from data on orphanhood. Under-five mortality is either stagnant or rising in several African countries. However, in some countries, such adverse trends developed too early in the 1980s to be attributable to HIV. The three described approaches to monitoring adult mortality have yielded consistent results in most countries. Adult death rates doubled or tripled between the 1980s and mid-1990s in Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe, while levels of mortality also rose considerably elsewhere in East and Central Africa, but not in West Africa. Increases in mortality are concentrated among young adults, with men being the worst affected overall, although in Uganda the increase in women's mortality is greater.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
WHO; UNAIDS
Improved methods and assumptions for estimations of the HIV/AIDS epidemic and its impact: Recommendations of the UNAIDS Reference Group on Estimates, Modelling and Projections
2002, AIDS, N*deg;16, 9, p. W1-14
Mots clés : Estimations; Méthodologie; ONUSIDA; Projections; VIH/SIDARésumé : UNAIDS and WHO produce biannual country-specific estimates of HIV/AIDS and its impact. These estimates are based on methods and assumptions that reflect the best understanding of HIV epidemiology and demography at the time. Where significant advances are made in epidemiological and demographic research, the methods and assumptions must evolve to match these advances. UNAIDS established an Epidemiology Reference Group in 1999 to advise them and other organisations on HIV epidemiology and methods for making estimates and projections of HIV/AIDS. During the meeting of the reference group in 2001, four priority areas were identified where methods and assumptions should be reviewed and perhaps modified: a) models of the HIV epidemic, b) survival of adults with HIV-1 in low and middle income countries, c) survival of children with HIV-1 in low and middle income countries, and d) methods to estimate numbers of AIDS orphans. Research and literature reviews were carried out by Reference Group members and invited specialists, prior to meetings held during 2001-2. Recommendations reflecting the consensus of the meeting participants on the four priority areas were determined at each meeting. These recommendations were followed in UNAIDS and WHO development of country-specific estimates of HIV/AIDS and its impact for end of 2001.
Article de périodique
Gregson, S.; Garnett, G.; Anderson, R. M.
Is HIV-1 likely to become a leading cause of adult mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa?
1994, AIDS, N*deg;7, 8, p. 839-52
Mots clés : Accroissement de la population; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Durée de vie; Dynamique de la population; Espérance de vie; Etudes théoriques; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Modèles théorique; Modèles théoriques; Mortalité; Population; Prévalence; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Concerns are sometimes expressed at the extent to which HIV-1 is prioritized within international and national health budgets and as a research issue, on the grounds that much larger numbers of people in developing countries currently die from other diseases, such as malaria and tuberculosis. The authors use a previously described mathematical model to explore how the HIV-1 epidemic could develop within a sub-Saharan African context and investigate the trends and patterns of adult mortality which could follow. Two contrasting scenarios are studied, one which turns population growth rates negative and another which does not. In both cases, HIV-1-related disease accounts for over 75% of annual deaths among men and women aged 15 to 60 years by year 25 of the epidemic. Relatively little change in mortality is seen in the early years of the simulated epidemics. However, by year 15, expectation of life at age 15 has fallen from 50 to below 30 years. The fragmentary evidence now available from empirical studies supports the impression that HIV-1 is rapidly emerging as a leading cause of adult deaths in areas of sub-Saharan Africa. Observed patterns of age-dependent mortality reflect those projected in the model simulations. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Antoine, P.; Pilon, M.
La polygamie en Afrique : quoi de neuf ?
1998, La Chronique du CEPED, N*deg;28, p. 4
Mots clés : Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; Polygamie
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Article de périodique
Pilon, M.
Les familles africaines en plein remue-ménage
1996, La Chronique du CEPED, N*deg;21, p. 4
Mots clés : Chef de ménage; Familles; ménages; Structure familiale
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Article de périodique
Locoh, T.
Les familles africaines face a la crise
1993, Afrique Contemporaine, N*deg;166, p. 3-14
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Mariage désiré; migration; Nuptialité; Population; Prise de décision; Santé; Taille/Dimension de la famille
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : Les familles africaines sont confrontées à de nouveaux défis : la crise économique, mais également l'évolution démographique qui, du fait du recul de la mortalité, alors que la fécondité reste stable, entraîne une augmentation de la croissance de la population et une progression de la part relative des jeunes. La migration, notamment vers les villes, constitue l'une des réponses à ces défis, mais elle entraîne souvent un relâchement des liens familiaux, alors que les responsabilités des familles s'accroissent du fait du désengagement des Etats dans des domaines aussi essentiels que la santé ou l'éducation
The key role that the family plays in many different aspects of life in Africa is examined. Three main spheres of influence are identified: demographic aspects, economic aspects, and social control. In the demographic area, the author notes that the family influences marriage practices, family size desires, child health, and migration decisions. (SUMMARY IN ENG) (ANNOTATION)Notes : African families facing a crisis; French
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Guillermet, E.
Les orphelins du Sida en Afrique: les enjeux d'une identification et les défis d'une prise en charge plurielle à partir d'un exemple béninois
2005, Revue Terroirs, revue africaine de sciences sociales et de culture, N*deg;1-2
Mots clés : Aide; Orphelins; Prise en charge; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Bénin
Site web : http://www.geocities.com/revueterroirs/Article de périodique
Obbo, C.
Les orphelins en Ouganda et en Tanzanie
1993, Sociétés d'Afrique et Sida, N*deg;2, p. 8-9
Mots clés : Morbidité; Mortalité; orphelin; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Ouganda; TanzanieNotes : Français
Article de périodique
Matshalaga, N. R.; Powell, G.
Mass orphanhood in the era of HIV AIDS. Bold support for alleviation of poverty and education may avert a social disaster editorial
2002, British Medical Journal, N*deg;324, p. 185-6
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Education; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : According to this editorial, 95% of the 13 million children orphaned due to AIDS are found in Africa. The long-term social consequences of these children growing up without parental love and guidance could further destabilize societies already weakened by AIDS. Thus, there is an increased urgency in finding an effective solution to the orphan crisis. Though many nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) have taken initiative of caring for these orphans, their efforts and resources are insufficient in the long run. However, adoption by extended family networks can provide orphans with continuity, emotional leverage and a secure environment that is dependent on external funding. However, these extended families face pressure due to high mortality among adults, poverty and the growing number of orphans. As such, the governments and NGOs have designed community-based programs to strengthen families' and communities' capacity to provide care. Education is also necessary to help these children reestablish their self-esteem and become productive citizens.
Notes : English
Site web : http://bmj.com; http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/324/7331/185Article de périodique
De Cock, K. M.
Measuring the impact of HIV AIDS in Africa
1994, Aids, N*deg;8, 1, p. 127-8
Mots clés : Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Changement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enquêtes; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs de risques; Impact démographique; incidence; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Population; Prévalence
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : A study conducted by Mulder et al on the incidence of and mortality associated with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-1 infection in southwest Uganda suggests that HIV will have a substantial impact on future demographic patterns in African countries. Included in the study were almost 10,000 rural people, 46% of whom were children, from 15 villages in Uganda's Masaka District. The overall prevalence of HIV-1 infection was 4.8%; for adolescents and adults, the prevalence was 8.2%. The annual incidence of HIV-1 infection in adults was 1%. Over the 2-year study period, approximately equal numbers of villagers were becoming infected with HIV-1 as were dying from HIV-related causes, producing a stable prevalence. 52% of the deaths recorded during the study period involved HIV-2 infected individuals and the virus increased overall mortality by 79%. Adjusting for age the mortality risk was 21 times higher among HIV-infected persons than seronegatives; for HIV-infected adults 13-44 years of age, this risk was 59 times greater. Of concern was the finding that 44% of seropositive individuals were 13-24 years of age, the population group capable of driving the epidemic due to its high level of sexual activity. The ultimate demographic impact of HIV infection in Africa will depend on variables such as associated mortality rates in children and adults, the effect of maternal infection on the mortality of seronegative children, and the direct and indirect effects of adult HIV infection on fertility. Although it cannot yet be determined whether HIV will reduce population growth rates to a negative level in Africa, this information from Uganda on a rural population with a relatively low incidence of infection illustrates the enormous impact that HIV-1 is having on mortality.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Pilon, M.
Ménage et famille en Afrique : bilan, enjeux et perspectives de la recherche
1996, Bulletin de l'Association Canadienne des Etudes Africaines, Lomé, p. 14-20
Mots clés : Familles; ménages; Nuptialité
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Séminaire-Atelier International, Lomé (TG), 1995/12/04-09; Séminaire-Atelier International, Lomé (TG) , 1995/12/04-09; Français
Article de périodique
Grassly, N. C.; Timaeus, I. M.
Methods to estimate the number of orphans as a result of AIDS and other causes in Sub-Saharan Africa.
2005, AIDS, N*deg;39, 3, p. 365-75
Mots clés : Enquête démographique et de santé; Estimations; Méthodologie; Modèle épidémiologique et démographique; Orphelins; Projections; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : OBJECTIVE: To derive methods to estimate and project the fraction of children orphaned by AIDS and other causes. METHODS: HIV/AIDS affects orphan numbers through increased adult and child mortality and reduced fertility of HIV-positive women. We extend an epidemiologic and demographic model used previously to estimate maternal orphans to paternal orphans. We account for the impact of HIV/AIDS on child survival by modeling the HIV status of the partners of men who die of AIDS or other causes based on data on the concordance of heterosexual partners. Subsequently, the proportion of orphans whose parents have both died is predicted by a regression model fitted to orphanhood data from 34 national demographic and health surveys (DHSs). The approach is illustrated with an application to Tanzania and compared with DHS estimates for the years 1992 and 1999. RESULTS: Projections of the number and age distribution of orphans using these methods agree with survey data for Tanzania. They show the rise in orphanhood over the last decade that has resulted from the HIV epidemic. CONCLUSIONS: The methods allow estimation of the numbers of children whose mother, father, or both parents have died for countries with generalized heterosexual HIV epidemics. These methods have been used to produce orphan estimates for high-prevalence countries published by Joint United Nations Program on HIV/AIDS, World Health Organization, United Nations Children's Fund, and US Agency for International Development in 2002 and 2004.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
McDaniel, A.; Zulu, E.
Mothers, fathers, and Children: regional patterns in Child-Parent residence in Sub-Saharan Africa
1996, African Population Studies, N*deg;11
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de résidence; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Famille élargie; Placement familial de l'enfant
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : English abstract:
Site web : http://www.uaps.org/journal/journal11/j11_1.htm
The strongest ties in African families are consangineous rather than conjugal, and child fosterage is an important aspect of the distinctive extended African family system. Our study underscores the fact that the so-called African family is complex and that its structures and composition vary remarkably across various countries and societies. This paper focuses on the importance of child fosterage and nonmaternal residence as distinct, overlapping aspects of Africa's extended family system. The results highlight the role of the mother in child rearing: children who are not living with both parents are much more likely to live with the mother than with the father or with anybody else. The results further illustrate the importance of the extended family network in rearing children in the region: children not residing with either parent are more likely to be fostered by another relative than by non-relatives.
French abstract:
Les liens les plus solides dans les familles africaines sont des liens consanguins plutôt que conjugaux, et l'adoption des enfants est un aspect important du système de la famille élargie si caractéristique de l'Afrique. Notre étude souligne le fait que ladite famille élargie en Afrique est complexe et que ses structures et sa composition varient de manière remarquable selon les pays et les sociétés. Ce papier porte sur l'importance de l'adoption des enfants et de la résidence séparée avec la mère perçues comme des aspects distinctifs et communs du système de la famille élargie en Afrique. Les résultats mettent en exergue le rôle de la mère dans l'éducation des enfants : les enfants ne vivant pas avec les deux parents sont beaucoup plus susceptibles de vivre avec la mère qu'avec le père ou avec n'importe qui d'autre. Les résultats illustrent davantage l'importance du réseau de la famille élargie dans l'éducation des enfants dans la région : les enfants ne résidant ni avec le père ni avec la mère sont susceptibles d'être adoptés par un autre membre de la famille élargie que par d'autres en dehors de celle-ci.Article de périodique
Bledsoe, C.
No success without struggle: Social mobility and hardship for foster children in Sierra Leone
1990, Man, N*deg;25, p. 70-80
Mots clés : Attitude du père; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Placement familial de l'enfant; Relations sociales; tuteur
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Sierra LeoneRésumé : In family studies, three conditions are often taken as indices of aberrant parental attitudes towards children: willingness to send them away for long periods, neglect of their emotional or physical needs and infliction of harsh treatment such as beating, enforced hard labour or food deprivation. Concerning the Mende of Sierra Leone, this study shows that although such treatment of children must be interpreted in culturally sensitive ways, transactions involving children express wider social and political relationships between relevant adults. In the principal case presented, a father's insistence on hardship for his fostered son reflects the father's efforts to persuade a high-status guardian to keep the son. Hence, the Mende ideology of child training is used to make symbolic statements that shape adult relationships.
Site web : http://links.jstor.org/sici?sici=0025-1496(199003)2%3A25%3A1%3C70%3A'SWSSM%3E2.0.CO%3B2-8Article de périodique
Zimmer, Z.; Dayton, J.
Older adults in sub-Saharan Africa living with children and grandchildren.
2005, Population Studies, N*deg;59, 3, p. 295-312.
Mots clés : Adulte; Agé; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Composition de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête démographique et de santé; Enquêtes démographiques; Facteurs de genre; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs géographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Organisation de vie; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Using data from Demographic and Health Surveys, we examine the composition of households containing older adults in 24 countries of sub-Saharan Africa, with a focus on those living with children and grandchildren. Overall, 59 per cent live with a child and 46 per cent with a grandchild. Men are more likely to live in nuclear households and women in extended households and alone. Regression analyses show that individual-level determinants of household composition differ by sex. For example, living with children and grandchildren is tied to living with a spouse for men, but for women the effect is either not significant or in the opposite direction. Households with an older adult and a grandchild, but no adult children, are common. Usually the adult child lives elsewhere, though about 8 per cent of older adults live with a grandchild who has at least one deceased parent. Older adults are more likely to be living with double-orphans in countries with high AIDS-related mortality.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Kerkhoven, R.; Harnmeijer, J. W.
Orphan care as a long-term HIV prevention strategy
1998, Safaids News, N*deg;6, 1, p. 14
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Critique; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : According to the Joint UN Programme on HIV/AIDS, the total number of children orphaned by AIDS, mainly HIV-negative children under 15 years old is estimated at 7.8 million in Africa. With the limited resources made available by donors and governments in Africa for HIV/AIDS, interventions generally focus on prevention, rather than HIV/AIDS-related care. By unlinking prevention and care this way, prevention is seen as the key long-term issue, and care is viewed as a short-term palliative issue not linked with development. Moreover, cost-effectivity arguments are used to justify the choice of support for prevention as opposed to care, making the long-term needs of orphans to be subsumed under the focus of care. As a consequence, programs that target orphans are affected by the reluctance to commit scarce resources to them. To effectively deal with the problem of HIV/AIDS, a vision and commitment that goes beyond program cycles or policy declarations is required. A strategy of greatly improved community orphan care will not show quick returns or immediate impact on HIV prevention, but will show sound judgment and foresight and will be based on the increasing experience and knowledge gained in facing the HIV/AIDS epidemic.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Beard, BJ.
Orphan care in Malawi: current practices.
2005, J Community Health Nurs, N*deg;22, 2, p. 105-15.
Mots clés : Auto-médication; Enfant vulnérable; orphelin; Soins aux orpheins Basés sur la communauté; Soins en institutions et à domicile; Stratégies de soin; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; MalawiRésumé : HIV and AIDS has moved rapidly throughout sub-Saharan Africa, dramatically adding to the crisis of orphaned children on the continent. Knowledge of African responses to their problem is needed so that interventions from the global community are culturally appropriate. An assessment of 73 programs caring for over 100,000 vulnerable and orphaned children in Malawi was conducted. A cross section of programs throughout the country was visited. Three primary care strategies were found: community-based orphan care, institutional and residential care, and self-care. The model of care preferred by Africans is community based because this keeps a child in a family environment in their own village and tribe. By listening to the people of Africa, the worldwide community can learn how to work with them as they care for millions of orphaned children (Auteur)
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/utils/lofref.fcgi?PrId=4487&uid=15877539&db=pubmed&url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1207/s15327655jchn2202_4Article de périodique
Sayagues, M.
Orphan children, dilapidated farms. The toll on Africa's farming communities
2001, Shaan. IPS Magazine on Gender and Human Rights, p. 28-29
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : As men die, a new clientele, women and youth, is emerging for agricultural schemes and extension services." "It is time that extension workers are trained on the specific impact of HIV/AIDS and they advise women farmers on effective labour and income coping strategies," says a study by Chieza Muchopa, from the Department of Agricultural Economics at the University of Zimbabwe. These strategies could include changes like the hardy, labour-easy and drought tough cassava, sweet potatoes and sorghum could displace rainfed maize as a staple subsistence crop. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Zimmerman, B.; Brady, D.
Orphan Living Situations in Malawi: A Comparison of Orphanages and Foster Homes
2005, Review of Policy Research, N*deg; 22, 6, p. 881-917.
Mots clés : Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Programmes alimentaires; VIH/SIDARésumé : Orphans have become an increasingly large percentage of the population in Sub-Saharan Africa due to the AIDS epidemic. Debate ensues as to the more supportive living situation for these youth, with most research supporting foster homes over orphanages. This paper compares these two situations in the country of Malawi, considering how the two systems meet material needs, psychosocial needs and those needs created by the constraints of the nonprofit environment in Malawi. Interviews were conducted with 50 orphans, nine orphanage and foster system administrators, five foster and group home care givers, five health care workers and five community members. All interviewees were asked questions about the children's routine, educational experience, residence characteristics, responsibilities, free time, health care and future prospects. Administrators and parents were also queried about the management and organization of the programs, and health care workers were asked additional questions about the orphans' health care and supplies for it. It was found that Malawian orphans placed in orphanages have an advantage over those placed in foster homes along the dimensions of lodging, health care, food quantity and variety, clothing and school supplies. Additionally, children in orphanages have more autonomy, and have a broader concept of their future potential. Orphanage residents view their caregivers as compassionate and loving. Finally, it was found that orphanages are more efficient in providing care and at exchanging information with other organizations. They are also easier to replicate for use in other areas than are community-based programs. The paper concludes with a discussion of the policy implications of these findings and directions for future research.
Site web : http://www.blackwell-synergy.com/doi/abs/10.1111/j.1541-1338.2005.00180.xArticle de périodique
Foster, G.; Shakespeare, R.; Chinemana, F.; Jackson, H.; Gregson, S.; Marange, C.; Mashumba, S.
Orphan prevalence and extended family care in a peri-urban community in Zimbabwe
1995, AIDS Care, N*deg;7, 1, p. 3-17
Mots clés : Adaptation; Adolescent; Adolescents; Aide à la recherche; Données statistiques et numériques; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs psychologiques; Famille nucléaire; Humain/Homme; Nourrice à domicile; Nourrisson; Parents; Population Urbaine; Préjudice; Prévalence; Syndrome Immunodéficience acquis
Pays : ZimbabweRésumé : An orphan enumeration survey was conducted in 570 households in and around Mutare, Zimbabwe in 1992; 18.3% (95% CI 15.1-21.5%) of households included orphans. 12.8% (95% CI 11.2-14.3%) of children under 15 years old had a father or mother who had died; 5% of orphans had lost both parents. Orphan prevalence was highest in a peri-urban rural area (17.2%) and lowest in a middle income medium density urban suburb (4.3%). Recent increases in parental deaths were noted; 50% of parental deaths since 1987 could be ascribed to AIDS. Orphan household heads were likely to be older and less well-educated than non-orphan household heads. The majority of orphaned children were being cared for satisfactorily within extended families, often under difficult circumstances. Caregiving by maternal relatives represents a departure from the traditional practice of caring for orphans within the paternal extended family and an adaptation of community-coping mechanisms. There was little evidence of discrimination or exploitation of orphaned children by extended family caregivers. The fact that community coping mechanisms are changing does not imply that extended family methods of caring are about to break down. However, the emergence of orphan households headed by siblings is an indication that the extended family is under stress. Emphasis needs to be placed upon supporting extended families by utilizing existing community-based organizations. Orphan support programmes may need to be established initially in high risk communities such as low-income urban areas and peri-urban rural areas.
Notes : 0954-0121
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=7748908&dopt=AbstractArticle de périodique
Monasch, R.; Boerma, J. T.
Orphanhood and childcare patterns in sub-Saharan Africa: an analysis of national surveys from 40 countries
2004, Aids, N*deg;18 Suppl 2, p. 55-65
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Chef de ménage; Comportement; Composition de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête démographique et de santé; Enquête sanitaire; Enquêtes démographiques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Organisation de vie; Orphelins; Parents; Population; Rapport de recherche; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : OBJECTIVE: Assess the impact of AIDS on prevalence of orphanhood and care patterns. METHODS: Descriptive analysis of nationally representative household surveys from 40 countries in sub-Saharan Africa. RESULTS: Overall 9% of children under 15 years have lost at least one parent in sub-Saharan Africa. On average one in six households with children are caring for orphans. Orphans more frequently live in households that are female-headed, larger, and have a less favourable dependency ratio. The head of the household is considerably older. Child caring practices differ between countries, and between non-orphans and orphans. Based on the country medians, almost nine out of 10 non-orphans live with their mother and eight out of 10 non-orphans live with their father. Single orphans are less likely to live with their surviving parent: three out of four paternal orphans live with their mother and just over half of maternal orphans live with their father. The (extended) family takes care of over 90% of the double orphans. Orphans are approximately 13% less likely to attend school than non-orphans. Double orphans are most likely to be disadvantaged. CONCLUSION: The epidemic has caused rapid recent increases in the prevalence of orphanhood. Prevailing childcare patterns have dealt with large numbers of orphans in the past, and to date there is no consistent evidence that this system is not absorbing the increase in orphans on a large scale. Yet, there is some evidence that orphans as a group are especially vulnerable, as they live in households with less favourable demographic characteristics and have lower school attendance.
Notes : 0269-9370
Site web : http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/pdfhandler.00002030-200406002-00007.pdf;jsessionid=EOAMGfZEAFRXdtRQv8ZEogIfxDqfuXmhcdLnO304kOZobh4ZVpUi!-1070481199!-949856145!9001!-1Article de périodique
Urassa, M.; Ng'weshemi, J.; Isingo, R.; Kumogola, Y.; Boerma, J. T.
Orphanhood, child fostering and the AIDS epidemic in rural Tanzania
1997, Health Transition Review, N*deg;Volume 7 Suppl. 2, p. 141-153
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Placement familial; Population; Population rurale; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Surmortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : The AIDS epidemic has caused an increase in adult mortality and consequently an increase in the numbers of orphaned children. Data were used from the Kisesa Community Study in northwest Tanzania, to assess the prevalence and consequences of orphanhood in the context of existing child care practices in a rural area with moderately high HIV-prevalence. This study was carried out in a ward with about 20,000 people with HIV prevalence of 6.2 per cent among adults 15-44 years and slightly over one-third of adult deaths associated with HIV/AIDS. Seven point six per cent of children under 15 and 8.9 per cent of children under 18 had lost one or both parents. Child fostering was very common. Virtually all orphans and foster-children were cared for by members of the extended family, often the maternal grandparents: 14 per cent of households had at least one orphan. Such households did not have a lower economic status, but had a less favourable dependency ratio. Households with orphans were also more likely to be female-headed. Follow-up mortality rates were similar among orphans, foster-children and other children, for both sexes. Mobility was much higher among orphans and foster-children, and orphans and foster-children had somewhat lower school attendance rates: lower enrolment and higher dropout rates. The problem of rapidly increasing numbers of orphans needs to be considered in the context of previously high levels of adult mortality, child-fostering practices and general poverty. The extended family seems to be able to absorb the increase in orphans, because caring for children of other members of the family is widespread, whether the parents are alive or dead. This study yields no evidence that orphans as a group are disadvantaged, although certain subgroups of orphans or orphan households may be more vulnerable and in need of support. (author's)
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Global Health Council
Orphans and vulnerable children
2003-2004,, Global Aids Links, N*deg;83, p. 24 p.
Mots clés : Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; VIH/SIDA
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Global Aids Link is publisched by the Global Health Council
Article de périodique
Hunter, S.
Orphans as a window on the AIDS epidemic in Sub-Saharan Africa: initial results and implications of a study in Uganda
1990, Social Science and Medicine, N*deg;31, 6, p. 681-90
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Aide à la recherche; Besoins et demande; Caractéristiques de la famille; Emergence d'une maladie; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémiologie; Féminin; Humain/Homme; Masculin; Mortalité; Mortalité maternelle; Nourrisson; Plaidoyer en faveur de l'enfant; Préscolaire; Recueil de données; Services de santé; Syndrome Immunodéficience acquis
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Provisional estimates from a Save the Children Fund enumeration study in four Ugandan districts indicate that the total number of orphans (one or both parents missing) ranges between 620,000 and 1,200,000. Needs assessments with guardians and local administrators show that although extended family networks are absorbing these children according to traditional rules, they may be vulnerable to increased mortality due to economic and health stresses on their caretakers, many of whom are elderly persons. The orphan burden will increase in Uganda and other Sub-Saharan African countries over the next few years. Allocation of additional national and international resources must be considered to avert breakdowns in community and familial support systems and consequent increases in under 5 mortality. The orphan burden is a window on the potential for massive social breakdown and dislocation in Sub-Saharan Africa resulting from high AIDS-related mortality. Methodologies for data collection and planning that use indigenous political systems must be built quickly to avert disaster.
Notes : 0277-9536
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=2237511Article de périodique
Case, A.; Paxson, C.; Ableidinger, J.
Orphans in Africa: parental death, poverty, and school enrollment
2004, Demography, N*deg;41, 3, p. 483-508
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Dynamique de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Impact; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Mortalité; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins; Parents; Pauvreté; Population; Rapport condensé; Taux de mortalité
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : We examine the impact of orphanhood on children's school enrollment in 10 sub-Saharan African countries. Although poorer children in Africa are less likely to attend school, the lower enrollment of orphans is not accounted for solely by their poverty. We find that orphans are less likely to be enrolled than are nonorphans with whom they live. Consistent with Hamilton's rule, the theory that the closeness of biological ties governs altruistic behavior, outcomes for orphans depend on the relatedness of orphans to their household heads. The lower enrollment of orphans is largely explained by the greater tendency of orphans to live with distant relatives or unrelated caregivers. (author's)
Notes : English; The official journal of Population Association of America (PAA). The editor welcomes submissions that contribute to the scientific literature in population studies and that are of general interest to demographers.; Demography is now available online.; http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/dem
Site web : http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/demography/v041/41.3case.pdfArticle de périodique
Webb, D.
Orphans in Zambia: Nature and extent of demographic change
1995, AIDS Analysis Africa (Southern Africa Edition), N*deg;6, 2, p. 5-6.
Mots clés : Communautés; Eglise; étude; études; Impact démographique; ménages; Mortalité; Organisations non gouvernementale; Orphelins; Population; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; ZambieRésumé : Objectives: To determine the number of AIDS orphans in Matero East and their expressed urgent and long-term needs. To determine the attitudes of families, school and the community towards orphans.
Site web : http://www.medguide.org.zm/aidsbibl/impact3.htm#orphanshiv
Methods: A descriptive and exploratory survey was used. A door-to-door survey was conducted on all the 396 households of Matero East using a scheduled questionnaire and coding hand book.Article de périodique
Stein, J.
Orphans of the hills
2004, AIDS Bulletin, N*deg;13, 2, p. 3 p.
Mots clés : Activités financières; Agences de santé bénévole; Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Comportement; Critique; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille et ménage; Fonds; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Orphelins; Population; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; Réseaux de parenté; SIDA; Visite à domicile
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Malizo Mnguni started Vusisizwe, an organisation providing home-based care and orphan support, in 1999. On the basis of one phone call, I arrive in the large and crowded town of Flagstaff for the day to discover that Mr Mnguni has set up meetings for me with Mr Kwalela of the local municipality, Mrs Swana of the Department of Social Development, the sister-in-charge of the Flagstaff local clinic, all eight Vusisizwe volunteers, and some of the orphans and their guardians in the nearby village of Lujecweni. Mr Kwalela, in charge of Community and Protection, is happy to lock his door and talk to me uninterrupted. He explains that nothing much happens in the Eastern Cape but he wants to know, first of all, what I can do for Vusisizwe, which he supports in whatever ways he can. He makes it clear that there is only one thing that will make any difference to the organisation and the people it is trying to help: Money. Mr Kwelela has tried to ascertain what the HIV statistics for his municipality (Qaukeni) are, and has asked the sister-in-charge of the local clinic to provide him with statistics from the voluntary counselling and testing (VCT) programme, but as yet, has received no information. This is not surprising. When I visit the local clinic myself, it is so full, reaching the sister requires pushing through a crowd that ends directly in front of her desk. She can hardly hear me above the din and the imperative of sick people waiting for her attention makes the questions I planned to ask her seem ludicrous. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Nyamukapa, C.; Geoff, F.; Simon, G.
Orphans' household circumstances and access to education in a maturing HIV epidemic in eastern Zimbabwe
2003, Journal of Social Development in Africa, N*deg;18, 2, p. 7-32
Mots clés : Education; Education primaire; Enfant; Enfants; Famille élargie; Morbidité; Mortalité; Organisation de vie; Orphelinage; Orphelins; Pauvreté; VIH/SIDA
Pays : ZimbabweRésumé : Levels of orphanhood and patterns of different forms of orphanhood (namely, double, paternal and maternal) will change as an HIV epidemic progresses. The implications of different forms of orphanhood for children's development will also change as the cumulative impact of a period of sustained high morbidity and mortality takes its toll on the adult population. In this article we describe patterns of orphanhood and orphans' educational experience in populations in eastern Zimbabwe subject to a major HIV epidemic which is maturing into its endemic phase. Levels of orphanhood have grown recently but rates of maternal and double orphanhood, in particular, are likely to continue to increase for several years to come. Orphans are found disproportionately in rural, female-, elderly- and adolescent-headed households. Each of these is a risk factor for more extreme poverty. The over-representation in rural areas could reflect urban?rural migration around the time of death of the parent due to loss of income and the high cost of living in towns. Over-representation in female-, elderly- and adolescent-headed households reflects the predisposition of men to seek employment in towns, estates and mines; the higher level of paternal orphanhood; the reluctance of second wives to take responsibility for their predecessors' children and stress in the extended family system. The death of the mother was found to have a strong detrimental effect on a child's chances of completing primary school education-the strength of effect increasing with time since maternal death. The death of the father had no detrimental effect, despite the fact that paternal orphans were typically found in the poorest households.
Site web : http://www.extenza-eps.com/SSW/doi/abs/10.5555/jsda.2003.18.2.7Article de périodique
Foster, G.; Makufa, C.; Drew, R. S.; Mashumba, S.; Kambeu, S.
Perceptions of children and community members concerning the circumstances of orphans in rural Zimbabwe
1997, Aids Care, N*deg;9, 4, p. 391-405
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Délit; Discrimination sociale; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfance maltraitée; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Inégalités; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Perception; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : Interviews and focus group discussions involving 40 orphans, 25 caretakers, and 33 community workers from a rural area near Mutare, Zimbabwe, explored community responses to children orphaned as a result of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) pandemic and other factors. Mutare is the site of a church-based orphan support program that provides home visits, material assistance, and counseling to orphan households. A 1995 enumeration in Mutare revealed 14.7% of children were orphaned. The extended family remains the principle orphan-care unit, although some relatives exploit the children's labor and fail to meet their educational and medical needs. Only 5 orphans felt there were no differences between themselves and non-orphaned children. Orphans reported they were forced to work rather than attend school, isolated from peers, neglected or maltreated by caretakers, and stigmatized. Stigmatization was more likely to be based on orphan status or poverty than AIDS as the cause of a parent's death. Despite the area's substantial poverty, many families with orphans had received assistance from community members and local churches. The orphan visiting program has promoted a generally humane attitude toward these children. Traditional community leaders and community visitors can exercise moral influence by encouraging relatives to fulfill their family responsibilities, protecting the inheritance rights of orphans and widows, and helping vulnerable families retain and use their land. Outside organizations can channel direct material support (e.g., food relief, medical costs, and school fees) through community groups to enhance the coping capabilities of destitute families and assist communities in developing income-generating activities.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Nyambedha, E. O.; Wandibba, S.; Aagaard-Hansen, J.
Policy implications of the inadequate support systems for orphans in western Kenya
2001, Health Policy, N*deg;58, 1, p. 83-96
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Entretiens; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Focus groups; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Politique; Population; Population rurale; procuration des soins à domicile; Programmes; Projet de questionnaire; Rapport de recherche; Recueil de données; Réseaux de parenté; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper describes the support systems available for orphans in rural Luo community in Nyang'oma sub-location in Bondo District of western Kenya. Qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews with orphaned children and their caretakers as well as key informants, and through focus group discussions with orphaned children, widows and community elders. Quantitative data were obtained by questionnaires administered to 100 caretakers of orphaned children. The most serious problem was inability of the orphan households to afford school fees, although lack of food, medicare and clothing were also prominent. The traditional, kinship-based support system made a major contribution to catering for the orphans though the resources were far from enough. Various community-based groups in the area did not contribute significantly. The problem is getting desperate due to a combination of an exponentially increasing prevalence of orphans, poor socioeconomic conditions and decline of the traditional support systems. For the health planners and policy makers there are two major concerns. In the short term, a big and rapidly growing group of children are without adequate access to health services, while in the long term, the negative consequences for (in particular the girl) orphans' schooling pose a serious threat to the health of their future children. Based on the study findings, two recommendations are made: that the responsible parties address the issue of education for orphans rapidly and sufficiently and with due consideration of their food security and medicare; and that potential community resources such as kinship networks and community groups are mobilized in order to assist in achieving the goal. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6V8X-43S06C8-6-2&_cdi=5882&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=10%2F31%2F2001&_qd=1&_sk=999419998&view=c&wchp=dGLzVlz-zSkzS&md5=8e6132f27632671eff33e12ca8eff15a&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Allen, S.; Serufilira, A.; Gruber, V.
Pregnancy and contraception use among urban Rwandan women after HIV testing and counselling.
1993, American Journal of Public Health, N*deg;83 (5), p. 705-10.
Mots clés : Activités cliniques; Activités de programme; Caractéristiques de la population; Consultation; Contraception; Examen de dépistage; Examens et diagnostic; Facteurs démographiques; Femme; femme enceinte; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Planification familiale; Population; Population Urbaine; Pratique de la contraception; Programmes; Programmes de planification familiale; Reproduction
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; RwandaRésumé : This study examined hormonal contraceptive use and pregnancy in urban Rwandan women, following human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) antibody testing and counseling. A sample of 1458 childbearing urban Rwandan women aged 18 to 35 years was tested and followed for 2 years. At enrollment, 17% of 998 HIV-negative women and 11% of 460 HIV-positive women were pregnant, and 17% vs 23%, respectively, were using hormonal contraceptives. 1 year later, half of the HIV-positive and one third of the HIV-negative hormonal contraceptive users had discontinued use. the 20 year incidence of pregnancy was 43% in HIV-positive women with fewer than 4 children were more likely to become pregnancy than those with 4 or more; this association persisted in multivariate analyses but was not noted among HIV-negative women. At the end of the study, over 40% of nonusers said that they would use hormonal contraception if it was provided at the study clinic, but 40% of HIV-positive women desired more children. Research is needed to identify the practical and psychosocial obstacles to effective longterm contraception among HIV-positive women. HIV counseling programs must specifically address the issue of childbearing. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Atwine, B.; Cantor-Graae, E; Bajunirwe, F.
Psychological distress among AIDS orphans in rural Uganda.
2005, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;61, 3, p. 555-64
Mots clés : Détresse psychologique; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs psychosociaux; orphelin; Population rurale; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; OugandaRésumé : More than 11 million children under 15 years in sub-Saharan Africa have lost at least one parent to AIDS. In Uganda, about 2 million children are orphans, with one or both parents dead. The objective of this study was to investigate the psychosocial consequences of AIDS orphanhood in a rural district in Uganda and to identify potential areas for future interventions. The study was conducted in a randomly selected sub-county in Bushenyi District in Uganda. The study population consisted of 123 children aged 11-15 years whose parents (one or both) were reported to have died from AIDS and 110 children of similar age and gender living in intact households in the same neighbourhood. Symptoms of psychological distress were assessed using the Beck Youth Inventories of Emotional and Social Impairment (BYI). The standardized interview also included questions concerning current and past living conditions. A multivariate analysis of factors with possible relevance for BYI outcome showed that orphan status was the only significant outcome predictor. Orphans had greater risk (vs. non-orphans) for higher levels of anxiety (odds ratios (OR)=6.4), depression (OR=6.6), and anger (OR=5.1). Furthermore, orphans had significantly higher scores than non-orphans on individual items in the Beck Youth Depression Inventory that are regarded as particularly "sensitive" to the possible presence of a depressive disorder, i.e. vegetative symptoms, feelings of hopelessness, and suicidal ideation. High levels of psychological distress found in AIDS orphans suggest that material support alone is not sufficient for these children.
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-4FR3NR3-1-11&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=08%2F31%2F2005&_qd=1&_sk=999389996&view=c&wchp=dGLbVlb-zSkzk&md5=bebab0f051ece6604bac6eb50e1c99fa&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Makame, V.; Ani, C.; Grantham-McGregor, S.
Psychological well-being of orphans in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
2002, Acta Paediatrica, N*deg;91, 4, p. 459-465
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dépression; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête Cap; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Evaluation; Evaluation des risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Troubles mentaux
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : Forty-one orphans whose fathers and/or mothers had died from AIDS, and were living in the poor suburbs of Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania, were compared with 41 matched non-orphans from the same neighbourhoods. The subjects were given an arithmetic test and a semi-structured questionnaire concerning any internalizing problems, their attendance at school and their experiences of punishment, reward and hunger. The scale of internalizing problems comprised 21 items adapted from the Rand Mental Health and Beck Depression Inventories concerning mood, pessimism, somatic symptoms, sense of failure, anxiety, positive affect and emotional ties. Most orphans lived with aunts and uncles. Compared with non-orphans, they were significantly less likely to be in school but those who did attend school had similar arithmetic scores. Significantly more orphans went to bed hungry. Orphans had markedly increased internalizing problems compared with nonorphans (p < 0.0001) and 34% reported they had contemplated suicide in the past year. Multiple regression analysis indicated that the independent predictors of internalizing problem scores were sex (females higher than males), going to bed hungry, no reward for good behaviour, not currently attending school, as well as being an orphan. The orphans not only had unmet basic needs, but also had markedly increased internalizing problems, thus their long-term mental health would be in jeopardy. There is an urgent need to expand and improve current intervention programmes not only to meet the basic needs but also to include psychosocial support, counselling services for the orphans, and training for their carers and teachers. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Bhargava, A.; Bigombe, B.
Public policies and the orphans of AIDS in Africa
2003, Bmj, N*deg;326, 7403, p. 1387-9
Mots clés : Adolescent; Adolescents; Adulte; Aide à la recherche; Aide financière; Aide sociale à l'enfance OU; Bien être de la mère; Education préscolaire; Enfant; Enfants; Humain/Homme; Infection à VIH; Nourrice à domicile; Nourrisson; Politique publique; Politique sanitaire
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : International help to care for Africa's orphans is essential not only for their immediate welfare but also to protect the long term prosperity of these countries. A researcher in child health and former Ugandan government peace minister assess how to make the best use of resources
Notes : 1468-5833
Site web : http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/326/7403/1387Article de périodique
Hilton-Barber, M.
Raising the AIDS generation
2000, Natal Mercury, p. 1
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Générations; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Prévention du Sida; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : In South Africa, more than 1 million children have already been orphaned by AIDS and it is likely that the epidemic will produce over 3 million orphans in the next decade. It is noted that disastrous results could happen because neither the state nor the welfare organizations have the resources to cope with this impending crisis. This "orphan generation" will shape and mold the future of this country, yet major role-players agree that they have no clear vision of how to tackle this problem. Moreover, many people who work with AIDS in any way are predicting that orphaned AIDS children could swamp and destroy them. It is obvious, therefore, that urgent steps need to be taken to research the extent of the predicament, and what measures need to be taken to deal best with the situation.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Kleintjes, S. R.; Peltzer, K. F.; Shisana, O.; Niang, C. I.; Seager, J. R.; Simbayi, L. C.; Kaseje, D C
Report and Policy Brief: 2nd Annual Conference on Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research, Cape Town, 9 - 12 May 2004.
2004, Journal of Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research Alliance, SAHARA, N*deg;1, 2, p. 62 - 77
Mots clés : aspects sociaux; Recherche; réseau Sahara; séance de conférence; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This report and policy brief summarises the overarching principles, key findings and suggested policy options that emerged from rapporteur reports of conference proceedings of the 2nd Annual Conference on Social Aspects of HIV/AIDS Research, Cape Town, 9 - 12 May 2004.
Site web : http://www.ajol.info/viewarticle.php?jid=197&id=16333&layout=abstract
Ce dossier de rapport et de politique présente un compte-rendu des principes dominants, des conclusions principales et des options d'une politique proposée qui font partie des communications présentées de la 2è Conférence Annuelle de Recherche sur les Aspects Sociaux du VIH/SIDA, le Cap, 9 - 12 mai 2004.Article de périodique
Fleck, F.
Report predicts 20 million AIDS orphans in Africa by 2010.
2003, BMJ, N*deg;327, 7426, p. 1245
Mots clés : orphelin; Rapport de l'UNICEF; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneArticle de périodique
Nyambedha, E. O.; Wandibba, S.; Aagaard-Hansen, J.
Retirement lost"-the new role of the elderly as caretakers for orphans in Western Kenya.
2003, J Cross Cult Gerontol., N*deg;18, 1, p. 33-52
Mots clés : Changement social; Conditions de vie; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Méthodes qualitative et quantitative; Organisation de vie; Orphelins; Personne âgée; personnel de soin; personnel de soin, Personnel de soin; Soin aux orphelins; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; KenyaRésumé : A study on the new role of the elderly as caretakers of orphans was conducted in a rural part of Kenya applying a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods. One out of three children had lost at least one biological parent and one of nine had lost both. These figures are increasing exponentially. Most orphans were cared for by relatives, and about one out of five caretakers was 55 years of age or above. These elderly caretakers faced major difficulties in caring for the orphans in terms of schooling, food and medical care. There is a major difference between the present hardships of these caretakers and the traditional position of the elderly in the past. This dramatic deterioration in the situation of the elderly should be seen in the context of the rampant HIV/AIDS epidemic, population growth, changing socio-cultural values, and unfavourable macroeconomic trends.
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&list_uids=14617957&dopt=AbstractArticle de périodique
Watts, H.; Lopman, B.; Nyamukapa, C.; Gregson, S.
Rising incidence and prevalence of orphanhood in Manicaland, Zimbabwe, 1998 to 2003.
2005, AIDS, N*deg;19, 7, p. 717-25
Mots clés : Analyse par cohorte; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; incidence; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Parents; Population; Prévalence; Rapport de recherche; VIH positif
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : OBJECTIVE: To quantify and describe orphan incidence in Manicaland, eastern Zimbabwe. DESIGN: Open cohort study. METHODS: Statistical analysis of data on 13,740 and 10,308 children, aged 0-14 years, enumerated in household censuses in four socio-economic strata, 1998-2000 and 2001-2003, and 10,184 children seen in both censuses (74% follow-up). RESULTS: Prevalence of all forms of orphanhood increased. The overall rate of losing a parent amongst non-orphans was 27.5 per 1000 person-years (py). Paternal orphan incidence (20.2 per 1000 py) was higher than maternal orphan incidence (9.1 per 1000 py) and maternal orphans lost their fathers at a faster rate than paternal orphans lost their mothers. Paternal and maternal orphan incidence increased with age. Incidence of maternal orphanhood and double orphanhood amongst paternal orphans rose at 20% per annum [incidence rate ratio (IRR) = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.06-1.35] and 71% per annum (IRR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.25-2.33), respectively, 1998-2003, but incidence of paternal orphanhood and double orphanhood amongst maternal orphans were unchanged. For 82% of children with a parent who died, the parent was HIV-positive at baseline. More new paternal and double orphans--but not new maternal orphans--than non-orphans had left their baseline household. Mortality was higher in orphans than non-orphans with the highest death rates observed amongst maternal orphans. CONCLUSIONS: Orphan incidence and prevalence are high and increasing due to HIV in eastern Zimbabwe. Orphan incidence patterns differ from orphan prevalence patterns and need to be understood if support programmes are to assist children during periods of high vulnerability. (author's)
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Descombes, M.
Rwanda. AIDS orphans: problems and solutions
1993, Children Worldwide, N*deg;20, 2-3, p. 52-4
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Classe inférieure; Classe sociale; Conditions économiques; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Facteurs politiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Guerre; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Niveau socio-économique; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; Rapport condensé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; RwandaRésumé : An estimated 300,000 of Rwanda's population of 7.5 million are infected with HIV. This includes 130,000 women and 20,000 children. Due to AIDS-related mortality, there are an estimated 62,000 orphans in the country, with 150,000 expected by 1997. War, adverse economic conditions, and ignorance of the minimal or nonexistent risk of being infected by these children, however, constrain extended biological and foster families from accepting these orphans into their homes. These children are very much alone and need to be placed in warm, caring households. Caritas Rwanda with the help of the Rwandan Ministry of Health launched the Family Homes Project in 1992 as an extension of the organization's general program of caring for AIDS-affected families in Rwanda in place since 1989. The program offers psychological counseling and assistance with regard to food, basic medicines, the payment of school fees, and funeral expenses. Family homes are structures designed to give orphans a background as similar as possible to that of the family which they have lost. Each harbors 7-10 children typically up to age 16 cared for by a woman who is also the biological mother of some of them. Caritas buys and equips an house in the Kigali suburbs or in one of the provincial towns. The mother is then provided a budget to pay for the daily household expenses of food, clothing, maintenance, water, and electricity. HIV-positive children lead in this setting, as far as their health permits, the same life as their healthy peers. When a serious health problem arises, the orphans are treated at the medical and social center, or the hospital if needed. Caritas Rwanda plans to open a care center staffed with a nurse and an additional outside social worker for orphans who require permanent treatment. Only several hundred children are presently in the program, but Rwanda has set an objective of assisting, by 1997, 50% of its AIDS orphans.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Magaziner, I.
Scaling-up care and treatment for people living with HIV and AIDS in the developing world
2004, Brown Journal of World Affairs, N*deg;11, 1, p. 27-34
Mots clés : Critique; Evaluation; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Marketing; Organisations et administration; Personne séropositive; Personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida; Politique; Politique sanitaire; Prévention du Sida; Prix; Programme; Programme de maintien; Recommandations; Renforcement des capacités; SIDA; Thérapie Antirétrovirale; VIH
Pays : Amérique du Nord; Amériques; Etats-Unis; Pays développé; Pays en développementRésumé : In the United States and throughout the developed world, new medical treatments have turned AIDS from a death sentence into a chronic illness for most people infected with HIV. While no cure for AIDS yet exists, most HIV positive people can live productive lives, raising families, and contributing to society. The future, however, is not nearly so hopeful for the tens of millions of men, women, and children living with the disease in the developing world. There, almost forty million people are infected with the virus. In some African countries, including South Africa, the continent's economic leader, over twenty percent of young adults have HIV. Every day, eight thousand people die of an AIDS-related death and another fourteen thousand, mostly between the ages of fifteen and fifty, are infected. AIDS has orphaned thirteen million children and will orphan a total of twenty five million by the end of the decade unless we take immediate and decisive action. In developing countries, six million people currently need anti-retroviral treatment to stay alive, and fewer than five percent of them receive it. Thus far, Brazil is the only country in the developing world that has successfully implemented a comprehensive AIDS treatment program. Statistics alone do not convey the impact of the disease on individuals, families, communities, and entire nations. In many countries, teachers are dying faster than new ones can be trained, and children are staying home to look after their dying parents in an intensifying cycle of illiteracy and poverty. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Serwadda, D.; Mugerwa, R. D.; Sewankambo, N. K.; Lwegaba, A.; Carswell, J. W.; Kirya, G. B.; Bayley, A. C.; Downing, R. G.; Tedder, R. S.; Clayden, S. A.
Slim disease: a new disease in Uganda and its association with HTLV-III infection
1985, Lancet, N*deg;2, 8460, p. 849-52
Mots clés : Anticorps; Biologie; Cancer; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Examen en laboratoire et diagnostique; Examens et diagnostic; Examens physiques et diagnostic; Facteurs immunologiques; Groupes de contrôle; Immunité; Infection à VIH; Infections; Maladie virale; Maladies; Maladies transmissibles; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Néoplasme; Physiologie; Prévalence du sida; Procédures de laboratoire; Signes et symptômes; Système immunitaire; Test hématologique
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : A new disease has recently been recognized in rural Uganda. Because the major symtoms are weight loss and diarrhea, it is known locally as slim disease. It is strongly associated with HTLV-III infection (63 of 71 patients) and affects females nearly as frequently as males. The clinical features are similar to those of enteropathic acquired immunodeficiency syndrome as seen in neighboring Zaire. However, the syndrome is rarely associated with Kaposi's sarcoma (KS), although KS is endemic in this area of Uganda, Slim disease occurs predominantly in the heterosexually promiscuous population and there is no clear evidence to implicate other possible means of transmission, such as by insect vectors or reused injection needles. The site and timing of the 1st reported cases suggest that the disease arose in Tanzania. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Vaissade, L.; Carrin, G.; Mena, M.; van Praag, E.
Socio-economic impact on women and children of the AIDS epidemic in subSaharan Africa: proposing a conceptual framework
2001, Journal d'Économie Médicale, N*deg;19, 3, p. 215-229
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Femme; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Revue de la littérature; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Women and children, and orphans in particular, are among the population groups that are most vulnerable to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. In this article, we offer a literature review of the economic effects of HIV/AIDS on women and orphans who find themselves responsible for the household. A simple economic model at the household level is described to better understand the different responses of women and children to the illness. This analytical framework can also be used to improve the structure of priority measures, both governmental and non-governmental, to support the responses of these vulnerable categories. The analysis shows the importance of the inputs concerning the household income, academic education, health-care information and information on HIV/AIDS, access to health care, subsidies for goods and services that play a role in prevention, such as condoms, treatment, relative reforms to laws and customs in favor of rights of inheritance for women and children and a reduction of stigmatization. (author's)
Notes : Impact socio-économique de l'épidemie de sida en Afrique subsaharienne sur les femmes et les enfants: proposition d'un cadre conceptuel.; French
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Bedri, A.; Kebede, S.; Negassa, H.
Sociodemographic profile of children affected by AIDS in Addis Abeba
1995, Ethiopian Medical Journal, N*deg;33, 4, p. 227-34
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; Population Urbaine; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ethiopie; Pays en développementRésumé : A survey was conducted in Addis Abeba between October 2 and December 10, 1993, to assess the extent of orphanhood due to AIDS mortality. Only 1047 AIDS cases could be traced among residents. During the survey 59% of cases and 16% of their spouses were already dead. There were 2186 children born to the index cases, 883 who were below age 15 years. 280 of these 883 children had lost either one or both parents. 3.9% of the 10.5% who were in poor health had AIDS. 14.1% had dropped out of school. Children were also identified who faced abandonment, displacement, and a lack of medical care at the time of their illness. Reliance upon the extended family is an important coping mechanism in this setting. The authors point to the need to raise the level of community awareness and strengthen the system to enhance efforts to protect and support children affected by AIDS.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Drew, R. S.; Makufa, C.; Foster, G.
Strategies for providing care and support to children orphaned by AIDS
1998, Aids Care, N*deg;10 Suppl 1, p. 9-15
Mots clés : Activités de programme; Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Communautés; Comportement; Développement; Développement social; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Organisations non gouvernementale; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; SIDA; Volontaire et volontarisme
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : In sub-Saharan African countries such as Zimbabwe, where 25-30% of the adult population is HIV-infected, a steadily increasing number of AIDS orphans are in need of care and community support. A study conducted in Zimbabwe's Manicaland province in 1992, found that 1 in 5 households contained orphaned children. The tradition of incorporating orphans into the extended family has broken down as HIV-infection rates have risen. Community-based orphan support programs that use volunteers to visit the most needy children have the potential to complement existing coping mechanisms in a cost-effective manner. Through a program operating in 4 rural sites in Manicaland (Families, Orphans, and Children Under Stress), 88 volunteers made 9634 visits to 3192 orphans in a 6-month period in 1996. The total cost of this program in 1996, was US$26,000 ($1.55/visit), 51% of which was spent within the affected communities. Key steps in establishing a community-based orphan support program include an organizational analysis, identification of catchment areas, selection and training of volunteers, client identification and registration, and program monitoring and evaluation. Despite the efficacy of community-based orphan programs, new child care institutions without links to the community continue to be established in sub-Saharan Africa and to attract scarce resources. Among the obstacles to more widespread implementation of a community-based strategy are the low priority given to problems that affect children, the sheer magnitude of the problem, a reluctance to acknowledge AIDS as a cause of death, and a lack of awareness on the part of politicians and planners of the potential of such programs.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Stein, J.
Streets as school and home to orphans in the Transkei
2004, AIDS Bulletin, N*deg;13, 2, p. 3 p.
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Comportement; Composition de la population; Critique; Délit; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfance maltraitée; Enfant; Enfants; Enfants des rues; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Garde de l'enfant; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Logement; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Personne sans abri; Population; Population active; Problèmes sociaux; Ressources humaines; SIDA; Travail des enfants
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Where does one find an orphan in the Transkei? All too often - on the streets of Umtata and, increasingly, the streets of smaller towns like Port St. Johns. I arrived unannounced at the child care boy's shelter for children in Port St. Johns and was warmly greeted by Ivy Madola who seated me down in the shade of a tree from where she could oversee her domain while speaking with me. Ivy and her husband Patrick have been running the Port St. Johns branch of the Eluxolweni shelter since 1986. Located in an old house surrounded by a well-kept garden, the shelter houses 26 children at any given time. Yet, it has the feel, not of an institution, but of a sparsely furnished home run by loving parents. The children I met here are not sitting around doing nothing. They are curious and friendly, but they also have other things to do, like tending the vegetable garden, doing homework and playing soccer. The little ones are eager for hugs and kisses, and to discover what gifts I might bear, but they don't cling to me or swamp me in the heartbreaking fashion I have become accustomed to with children in institutional care. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Foster, G.; Makufa, C.; Drew, R. S.; Kambeu, S.; Saurombe, K.
Supporting children in need through a community-based orphan visiting programme
1996, Aids Care, N*deg;8, 4, p. 389-403
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Etudes longitudinales; Evaluation de programme; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Parents; Participation communautaire; Population; Programmes; Rapport de recherche; Réseaux de parenté; Visite à domicile; Volontaire et volontarisme
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : There is an urgent need for programs to be established to support the growing number of orphans in countries severely affected by AIDS. Most orphans are being cared for by extended families under difficult circumstances. Few descriptions of community-based orphan support programs exist. The authors describe one such program established in Zimbabwe in 1993. 25 volunteers identified 300 orphan households. During 1 year, volunteers made 1725 home visits and 123 households received an average of $11 in material support or school fees. In 292 orphan households there were 702 orphans, 14.7% of children under 15 years in the area. The rate of parental deaths was increasing, with 3.5% of households in the area having a parental death in 1994. 45% of caregivers were grandparents and 33% of caregivers were over 60 years. 3% of orphans were cared for by adolescent siblings. The poorest orphan households were those in receipt of school fees, with out-of-school children, or with an older sibling as caregiver. Community members initiated activities to help orphans. The program described is targeted, effective, and replicable. Community-based organizations such as local churches and women's groups can be mobilized to administer programs which provide support to the poorest orphan households. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Foster, G.
Supporting community efforts to assist orphans in Africa
2002, N Engl J Med, N*deg;346, 24, p. 1907-10
Mots clés : Bien être social; Coopération internationale; Emergence d'une maladie; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémiologie; Financement; Humain/Homme; Nourrice à domicile; Organisations et administration; Science Economique; Syndrome Immunodéficience acquis
Pays : AfriqueNotes : 1533-4406
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=12063378; http://content.nejm.org/cgi/content/short/346/24/1907Article de périodique
Aids Analysis Africa
Swaziland education sector begins to respond
2000, Aids Analysis Africa, N*deg;10, 4, p. 16
Mots clés : Agences gouvernementales; Caractéristiques de la population; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Orphelins; Population; Rapport condensé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; SwazilandRésumé : Reports on the growing AIDS orphan crisis prompted Swaziland to finally begin to consider the potential effect of AIDS on the educational sector. A study on the impact of HIV/AIDS on the educational sector was carried out in the region and findings were presented in Mbabane in late November 1999. Respondents believed that the AIDS epidemic can no longer be considered preventable and stopping the worst to happen is too late. The aim now should be on how to "crest" and "level-out" the epidemic at a lower infection rate. Moreover, almost all respondents felt that they were confused about the HIV/AIDS phenomenon. This epidemic will make it increasingly difficult, if not impossible, for the Ministry of Education to implement its mandate as effectively as it has in the previous years. Meanwhile, the costs borne by the Ministry and its partners in educational development will increase dramatically due to the HIV/AIDS crisis. Swaziland, particularly the Ministry of Education, has, with the assistance of the UN International Children's Emergency Fund, made real developments in recognizing the scale of the HIV/AIDS problem in the country.
Notes : [Au Swaziland, le secteur de l'éducation commence à réagir]; English
Article de périodique
Shariff, H.
Tanzanian women's organizations respond to HIV AIDS. Women's forum
1995, Aids captions, N*deg;2, 2, p. 32-4
Mots clés : Facteurs politiques; Groupement féminin; Groupes d'intérêt; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : The cumulative number of AIDS cases reported to the National AIDS Control Program from Arusha rose from 579 in 1990 to 1599 in 1994. The Women's AIDS Control Society of Arusha (CHAWAKUA) is a 3-year-old, 100-member organization which educates the public about HIV/AIDS prevention, counsels people who are HIV-seropositive, distributes condoms, and provides child care, including orphan support. CHAWAKUA's goal is to empower women to cope with HIV infection and its effects by providing a forum in which infected women can openly share their experiences and console each other. CHAWAKUA is supported by members' entry and annual fees as well as in-kind contributions of food, clothing, and medicine. A similar organization in Kilimanjaro region, KIWAKKUKI, educates female adolescents about human relations, sexuality, and the consequences of teenage sexual relations. KIWAKKUKI also works with churches, schools, and youth groups; develops educational materials; and airs radio programs about HIV/AIDS.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Foster, G.
The capacity of the extended family safety net for orphans in Africa
2000, Psychology, Health Medicine, N*deg;5, 1, p. 55 - 62
Mots clés : Changement; Facteurs psychologiques; Famille élargie; Grands-parents; Impact social; Impacts économiques; Ménages dirigés par un enfant; Morbidité; Mortalité; Orphelins; Placement familial de l'enfant; SIDA; Soins traditionnels; Veuve; Veuve(s)
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This paper reviews published studies on orphans and describes indicators by which weakened or saturated extended family safety nets can be identified. Most orphans in Africa are still being cared for by members of their extended family. The traditional safety net for orphans in Africa used to be their aunts and uncles. The alternate safety net of grandparents or more distant relatives is becoming prevalent as a result of weakening of the extended family and increasing orphan numbers; comparative data on uncle/aunt:grandparent caregiver rates are presented. Indicators of the strength of the extended family safety net include the prevalence of widow remarriage, purposive fostering and contact with relatives. Measures of the weakening of the safety net include the paternal:maternal caregiver ratio, the uncle/aunt:grandparent caregiver ratio, the prevalence of child-headed households, sibling dispersal and migration. Increasing numbers of children are slipping through the extended family safety net, leading to child-headed households, street children and child labour; such children have increased likelihood of physical, social, economic and psychological morbidity and vulnerability to HIV infection. It is essential to understand extended family safety net mechanisms so that proposed orphan initiatives support rather than undermine traditional orphan care.
Site web : http://taylorandfrancis.metapress.com/(nkorgrr1wtmfhtbp2siobcmb)/app/home/main.asp?tab=advancedArticle de périodique
Castle, S.
The current and intergenerational impact of child fostering on children's nutritional status in rural Mali
1996, Human Organization, N*deg;55, 2, p. 193-205
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Anthropométrie; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Enfants confiés; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychosociaux; Indicateurs nutritionnels; Jeunesse; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Population rurale; Rapport de recherche; Santé de l'enfant; Santé nutritive; Soin
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Mali; Pays en développementRésumé : This article assesses the determinants of child fostering and its effect on children's nutritional status among the Malian Fulani. Anthropometric evidence indicates that nutritional outcomes are more strongly associated with the reasons for the child's transfer rather than with the fostering per se. These effects persist intergenerationally with the biological children of mothers who were themselves fostered under forced circumstances exhibiting poorer nutritional outcomes than children of mothers who were actively requested by their foster parents during childhood. A biosocial model is presented to understand the intergenerational determinants of these effects and their pathways of influence. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Bledsoe, C.; Ewbank, D. C.; Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.
The effect of child fostering on feeding practices and access to health services in rural Sierra Leone
1988, Social Science and Medicine, N*deg;27, 6, p. 627-36
Mots clés : Aide à la recherche; Alimentation de l'enfant; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Facteurs démographiques; Garde de l'enfant; Maladies; malnutrition; Morbidité; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Nutrition; Organisations et administration; Population; Programme d'évaluation; Santé de l'enfant; Services de santé
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; Sierra LeoneRésumé : In Sierra Leone, where infant and child mortality rates are quite high, a large proportion of small children from 1 to 5 years are fostered: living away from their mothers. This paper examines the relationships between fosterage and child feeding practices and children's access to Western medical care especially among the Mende. Ethnographic data from field studies in Sierra Leone are combined with quantitative data from Serabu Hospital, which show that fostered children are underrepresented in hospital admissions and that young fosters present more problems of malnutrition. (Fostered girls appear to be at more risk in both these categories than boys.) Unlike young fosters, however, older ones do not appear to be at more risk than children with mothers. These results are related to patterns of intrahousehold discrimination in food allocation and access to medical treatment for young fostered children: especially those sent to elderly rural caretakers. It is unlikely that high rates of fostering are the sole reason--or even the most important one--for the Mende's high child mortality rates. It is clear that fostering plays important social roles for the Mende and is likely to continue as a central aspect of Mende childbearing practices, if not to increase, because of economic problems. Health programs must be designed to seek out those fostered children who might be disadvantaged. Health programs and surveys aimed at women and their children often miss fostered children and programs need to target them. Fosterage also raises questions about the usual approach to studying child mortality in developing countries--neither the household characteristics of the guardians nor the characteristics of the biologic parents may be reasonable indicators of the child's mortality risks. Social barriers within the foster family and geographic separation from parental influence are factors. (author's modified)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Seeley, J.; Kajura, E.; Bachengana, C.; Okongo, M.; Wagner, U.; Mulder, D.
The extended family and support for people with AIDS in a rural population in south west Uganda: a safety net with holes?
1993, Aids Care, N*deg;5, 1, p. 117-22
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Culture; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Population; Population rurale; procuration des soins à domicile; Programme d'évaluation; Programmes; Qualité des soins de santé; Réseaux de parenté; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : It is commonly assumed that the extended family in Africa provides a safety net for individuals in times of need. This paper examines this assumption using data on the care of people with AIDS in a rural population in South West Uganda. Over a 6-monthly period, data were collected by counselors on the care given to 30 (17 women, 13 men) AIDS patients by their families. In 27 of the 30 cases there was evidence of limited care. Various reasons were given for this by the carers, including lack of food and money for medications and the carer's other family responsibilities. For 17 clients who died during this study period, records of 7 cases show that other relatives were asked to help with care but refused on the grounds of poverty or other commitments. However, in all but 1 of these cases, extended families did provide assistance for the funeral. The findings suggest that there is a need to question the assumption that the extended family, in the culture under study, is able to provide adequate support for AIDS patients. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Peterson, M.
The heart of Africa
2003, Global AIDSLink, N*deg;82, p. 4-5
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Population; Prévention du Sida; procuration des soins à domicile; Rapport d'activité; Religion; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA; Soins à domicile par des organisations chrétiennes; Soins à domiicile par des organisations chrétiennes
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Somewhere along the expanse of red gravel on which we traveled en route to a slum village in South Africa, Father Guido, director of one of more than 70 AIDS programs CMMB supports in southern Africa, turned to me and said: "Last year was a bad year. More than 60 of our 200 home-based care patients died. This week alone we buried five. Ah, shame." The expression "shame," I would soon learn, is frequently used in South Africa to convey a wide range of emotions - from sadness and shock, to disgust and, in this case, absolute tragedy. It is a colloquialism patented by a people who are quite accustomed to the company of death, of which Guido, though not African-born, is no exception. Part of CMMB's Choose to Care program family, Guido is one of three priests who run an orphan and home-care program for AIDS sufferers in Orange Farm, a slum located an hour outside of Johannesburg. Established four years ago through the Diocese of Johannesburg, the program provides food, counseling, education and home-based care to more than 600 people, including children who are or will soon become AIDS orphans. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.globalhealth.org/publications/contents.php3?id=1&issue=82Article de périodique
Ainsworth, M.; Beegle, K.; Koda, G.
The impact of adult mortality and parental deaths on primary schooling in north-western Tanzania
2005, Journal of Development Studies, N*deg;41, 3, p. 412-439
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Education primaire; Education scolaire; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête sanitaire; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Mortalité; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; Population rurale; Rapport de recherche; Santé
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : Mortality of parents and other adults due to the African AIDS epidemic could reduce children's primary schooling by reducing households' ability to pay fees, raising the opportunity cost of children's time, and leaving orphaned children with guardians who care less about their education than would their parents. This study measures the impact of adult deaths and orphan status on primary school attendance and hours spent at school using a panel household survey from north-western Tanzania, an area hard-hit by the AIDS epidemic. Attendance was delayed for maternal orphans and children in poor households with a recent adult death; there was no evidence that children 7-14 dropped out of primary school due to orphan status or adult deaths. However, among children already attending, school hours were significantly lower in the months prior to an adult death in the household and seemed to recover following the death. In addition, girls sharply reduced their hours in school immediately after losing a parent. Improvements in school quality and better access to secondary education would improve outcomes for all children, including those affected by adult AIDS mortality. Beyond that, public policy needs to focus on the special schooling constraints faced by children affected by adults deaths, both in terms of increased opportunity costs of their time and psychological impacts, with an eye to how they might be mitigated and at what cost. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.iaen.org/files.cgi/323_nwtanzania.pdfArticle de périodique
Hosegood, V.; McGrath, N.; Herbst, K.; Timaeus, I. M.
The impact of adult mortality on household dissolution and migration in rural South Africa
2004, Aids, N*deg;18, 11, p. 1585-1590
Mots clés : Adulte; Analyse de données; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; migration; Mortalité; Niveau socio-économique; Population; Population rurale; Rapport de recherche; Régression Linéaire; Régression statistique; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Objective: To investigate the effect of adult death on household dissolution and migration. Design: Demographic surveillance of the population in a rural area of northern KwaZulu Natal, South Africa. Methods: Data on households resident in the surveillance area on 1 January 2000 were used to examine the effect of adult mortality and household risk factors on household dissolution and mobility between January 2000 and October 2002. Cox regression models were used to assess the risk of household dissolution and migration, controlling for multiple risk factors including causes of death, household composition and household assets. Results: By October 2002, 238 households (2%) had dissolved and 874 (8%) migrated out of the area; 21% (2179) of all households had at least one adult death (18 years and older). Households where one or more adult members died during the follow-up period were four times more likely to dissolve, after controlling for household and community level risk factors [4.3; 95% confidence interval, (CI), 3.3-5.7]. The risk of dissolution was significantly higher in households with multiple deaths (2.3; 95% CI, 1.3-4.3). There were no significant differential risks associated with cause of death, age or sex of the deceased. Adult mortality in the household was not associated with migration. Conclusions: Poorer households, as measured by asset ownership, and households trying to cope with adult deaths are vulnerable to dissolution. The dramatic increase in adult mortality attributable to AIDS will increase the number of households that do not survive as a functional and cohesive social group. (author's)
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Muller, O.; Abbas, N.
The impact of AIDS mortality on children's education in Kampala (Uganda)
1990, Aids Care, N*deg;2, 1, p. 77-80
Mots clés : Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Communautés; Dynamique de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Parents; Population; Prévalence du sida
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : In 1989, 1133 households in Kampala, Uganda, were surveyed to assess the extent of mortality from acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and the socioeconomic impact of the AIDS epidemic. There were 241 deaths (mortality rate, 4.3%) among the 5345 household members included in the survey during 1988. 106 (44%) of the deaths involved children under 16 years of age. For sociocultural reasons, it was not possible to question respondents directly about deaths attributable to AIDS. Instead, the number of deaths related to AIDS was estimated on the basis of the symptom profile (i.e., a long disease with fever and weight loss). There were 15 child deaths and 47 adult deaths that met this criterion. The median age of children who died allegedly from AIDS was 1.5 years, while that of adults was 30 years. Among adults who died, the sex ratio was 26 males:21 females. If AIDS caused 1% of the mortality in Kampala in 1988, an estimate of 10,000 AIDS cases nationwide seems feasible. Of particular concern is the percentage of orphaned children in the study area. The death of a mother and/or father had occurred in 182 (16%) of the households surveyed. 12% of the orphans had lost a parent as a result of a long disease with fever and weight loss, suggesting that AIDS is having a substantial impact on family life in Uganda. Of particular concern is the negative impact of orphanhood on school attendance. 47% of the households that reported orphans lacked the money to send their children to school compared to 10% of households with no orphans reported. Given the importance of education to the futures of children in developing countries, special initiatives should be devised to identify children at risk of prematurely leaving school because they have been orphaned by AIDS and to provide them with the necessary school fees.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Hunter, S.
The impact of AIDS on children in sub-saharan cities
1991, AIDS, STDs and urbanization in Africa, N*deg;6, 1-2, p. 108-129
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Morbidité; Mortalité; Mortalité infantile; Santé; SIDA; zone urbaine
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneNotes : Anglais
Article de périodique
Foster, G.
The impact of HIV AIDS on children
1999, Focus Project, N*deg;4, 1
Mots clés : Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : During the next 10 years, more than 40 million children will lose one or both parents to AIDS, mainly in sub-Saharan Africa. Many children are first affected by HIV when their parents develop HIV-related illnesses. For example, parents may be too sick to take their children for immunization and growth monitoring. Older children who assume some of the caregiving responsibilities for younger siblings begin to miss school. The AIDS epidemic is leading to increased poverty, compromising children's health. Poverty is also associated with an increased risk of HIV infection, as orphans may work as prostitutes themselves to earn money to feed or educate children in their care. Many orphaned children end up living on the street. Mothers are important primary caregivers. Therefore, without mothers, young children often have poor health. Grandparents are increasingly looking after children, but they may be too poor and elderly to provide adequate care. Health and community-based workers can help protect the health of children affected by HIV by encouraging the establishment of community-based orphan programs, recognizing HIV-affected families in greatest need, recognizing children at risk, and whenever possible, provide at-risk orphans with clothing, housing, food, and school fees.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Stein, J.
The impact of HIV AIDS on the household
1997, Aids Bulletin, N*deg;6, 4, p. 20-3
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Réseaux de parenté; SIDA; Stress
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The severe economic and psychosocial consequences of HIV have overwhelmed the capacity of both individual households and communities to absorb the impact of the epidemic. Moreover, in countries such as South Africa, many HIV-positive individuals are homeless or without effective family structures. This article reviews the impact of HIV on households during the initial stages of infection, AIDS disease, and bereavement. The psychosocial stress and heightened depression and anxiety that accompany the initial disclosure of HIV often diminish households' ordinary coping skills, with adverse effects on the school and work performance of family members and the quality of family relationships. Multiple AIDS-related illnesses reduce the capacity of wage-earners to work and incur additional expenditures for medicines and health care. The quality of care provided to children may be adversely affected; in many families, children become care givers to a parent. As a result of the social stigma surrounding AIDS, AIDS-related deaths may not be socially acknowledged, impeding resolution of the grieving process. Many bereaved families use their last resources to finance burials. As a result of patrilineal inheritance laws, women widowed by AIDS become dependent on their husband's family for support. The tradition of orphan care through the extended family network has broken down in countries such as Uganda and Zimbabwe, where orphan rates close to 25% are reported in some areas. There is an urgent need for societal interventions to cushion the impact of HIV/AIDS on the household and community.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Nyonyintono, N.
The impact of HIV AIDS on the lives of children. Report from Uganda
1992, AIDS and Society, N*deg;3, 2, p. 6-7
Mots clés : Activités de programme; Activités de répartition; Aide à l'enfance; Biologie; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Croissance; Délivrance par la communauté; Développement de l'enfant; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Femme; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Niveau socio-économique; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Placement familial; Population; Programmes; Rapport condensé; Répartition non-clinique; SIDA; Taux de mortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : There is much pain in the process of growth and development of any child in a poor country, and that pain is even greater when a child loses one or both parents before reaching adulthood. The crisis of orphanhood looms large on the horizon of countries like Uganda where HIV seropositive rates are high and AIDS cases are ever increasing. It has become critically important to plan for the future of children who lose one or both parents to AIDS. AIDS orphanhood is especially tragic because most often, both parents die. It often happens that other close relatives also die, leaving many orphans within a single extended family. The demands of care, socialization, and protection of many orphans can easily overwhelm any family thrown into such a crisis, And yet, there is a case to be made for an orphan's immediate relatives being the most suitable parent-substitutes. They are the child's kith and kin, and often are in the best position to nurture the child. In order to be properly socialized and integrated into society, the child should be raised within a familiar community and cultural context. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Baylies, C.
The impact of HIV on family size preference in Zambia
2000, Reprod Health Matters, N*deg;8, 15, p. 77-86
Mots clés : Adulte; Aide à la recherche; Aide sociale à l'enfance OU; Caractéristiques de la famille; Enfant; Enfants; Fécondité; Féminin; Humain/Homme; Infection à VIH/ Prévention et Suivi psychologique; Masculin; Nombre d'enfants envisagé; Prise de décision; Santé de la femme; Services de Planification familiale; Taille/Dimension de la famille
Pays : ZambieRésumé : This paper examines the way in which concerns about HIV infection are affecting thinking in Zambia about preferred number of children. It draws on research on the impact of HIV/AIDS in peri-urban and rural households in 1995, based mainly on in-depth interviews with 65 of 300 people who were initially surveyed. In spite of high levels of anxiety about AIDS in these communities, risk from HIV was not always associated with the act of conceiving children, nor did this association necessarily influence actual behaviour or family size preferences. In some cases, however, the threat of contracting HIV had led to a decision to have fewer children. Many also worried about leaving orphans for others to look after and the costs which might be incurred in taking over the care of orphans left by others. A related reason for limiting fertility was the hope that orphaned children would be better cared for if there were fewer of them. Greater access to contraceptives, and specifically to condoms, is an important element in supporting women's efforts to protect themselves, and men also need to be involved in strategies for mutual protection. In both communities, however, there was a shared sense of limited control, not just over fertility, but also over the wider economic and health environment. An understanding of the complexity of these factors is essential for intervention programmes intended to enhance women's reproductive rights and support their fertility choices so as to ensure greater protection against HIV/AIDS.
Notes : 0968-8080; Journal Article
Article de périodique
Caldwell, J.
The impact of the African AIDS epidemic
1997, Health Transition Review, N*deg;7 Suppl 2, p. 169-88
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs politiques; Fécondité; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mariage; Mortalité; Nuptialité; Orphelins; Population
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : By the end of 1996, it was estimated that more than 6 million people worldwide had died due to AIDS since the beginning of the pandemic and an additional 23 million were infected with HIV. Unlike the Black Death in 1347-1351 and the 1917-19 influenza epidemic, each of which lasted only a few years, HIV infection and the AIDS pandemic have been with humankind for at least 25 years. The level of HIV infection continues to climb both globally and in developing countries, and there is no indication as to how long the AIDS pandemic will continue or whether it will become endemic in some parts of the world. The high rates of population growth throughout the developing world make it unclear whether any country will experience a decline in population size due to excess AIDS mortality. The current AIDS epidemic in Africa is similar to the plague in terms of its intensity and impact upon the population. While the regions of Africa most affected by HIV/AIDS are home to approximately 180 million people, just 3% of the world's population, they have about 55% of the world's HIV/AIDS cases. This situation may change, however, as the pandemic spreads in Asia, or it may not if the methods of containment used in Thailand are copied elsewhere on that continent, and if AIDS continues to intensify in the main AIDS belt of Africa. AIDS mortality, reduced fertility due to HIV infection, marriage, orphans, the social and political impacts, and the future of AIDS in Africa are discussed.
Notes : English
Article de périodique
Makumbi, F. E.; Gray, R. H.; Serwadda, D.; Nalugoda, F.; Kiddugavu, M.; Sewankambo, N. K.; Wabwire-Mangen, F.; Wawer, M. J.
The incidence and prevalence of orphanhood associated with parental HIV infection: a population-based study in Rakai, Uganda.
2005, AIDS., N*deg;19, 15, p. 1669-1676
Mots clés : Infection à VIH; Mortalité adulte; orphelin; Orphelinage; Parents; Population; Prévalence; VIH/SIDA
Pays : OugandaRésumé : Background: There are limited empirical data on the prevalence and incidence of orphanhood due to parental HIV infection.
Site web : http://www.aidsonline.com/pt/re/aids/abstract.00002030-200510140-00014.htm;jsessionid=E1HCqM1OQgqxCpRpNEAWUmkeQy0RXil6TTdE17c1RxebFUMYt5Xm!-469394890!-949856145!9001!-1
Objective: To assess the prevalence and incidence of orphanhood, and the population attributable fraction (PAF) of incident orphanhood associated with parental HIV infection, in a rural population with a 14.8% adult HIV prevalence.
Methods: The data are derived from a community cohort in Rakai District, Uganda. Census data were collected on all resident members in 10 657 households, including survival of parents of resident children in 1996/1997. Consenting adults were interviewed, provided blood for HIV testing, and were followed up 10 months later to determine parental death and incident orphanhood. The incidence rate ratio (IRR) of orphanhood associated with parental HIV-infection was estimated by Poisson multivariate regression.
Results: A total of 22 712 children aged 0-14 years were enumerated in 1996/1997. The overall prevalence of orphanhood was higher among children of HIV-infected parents (22.7%) compared with children of uninfected parents, 7.9%. The annual incidence of orphanhood was 8.2% if at least one parent was HIV positive, and 0.5% if both parents were HIV negative (adjusted IRR = 18.93). Older age of children, and older maternal age were significantly associated with an increased risk of orphanhood. The PAF of incident orphanhood due to parental HIV infection was 37.3%, and was highest among younger children (adjusted PAF = 50.6% for 0-4 year olds), and children with younger mothers aged < 25 years (adjusted PAF = 75.7%).
Conclusions: Parental HIV infection markedly increased the incidence of orphanhood, especially among younger children and the children of younger mothers.Article de périodique
Crampin, A. C.; Floyd, S.; Glynn, J. R.; Madise, N.; Nyondo, A.
The long-term impact of HIV and orphanhood on the mortality and physical well-being of children in rural Malawi
2003, Aids, N*deg;17, 3, p. 389-97
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets à long terme; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteur temps; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs géographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Morbidité; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; SIDA; Transmission de la mère à l'enfant; Zones rurales
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Malawi; Pays en développementRésumé : OBJECTIVE: To assess the influence of maternal HIV status and orphanhood on child mortality and physical well-being. DESIGN: Retrospective cohort study with > 10 years of follow-up. METHODS: From population-based surveys in Karonga District, Malawi in the 1980s, 197 individuals were identified as HIV-positive. These individuals and 396 HIV-negative individuals matched for age and sex, and their spouses and offspring, were sought in 1998-2000. RESULTS: All but 11 of the index individuals were traced, identifying 2520 offspring; of these, 1106 offspring were included in analyses. Among those with HIV-positive mothers, mortality was 27% [95% confidence interval (CI), 17-38] in infants (1-30 days), 46% (95% CI, 34-58) in those under 5 years and 49% (95% CI, 38-61) in those under 10 years. The corresponding figures for those with HIV-negative mothers were 11% (95% CI, 8-13), 16% (95% CI, 13-19) and 17% (95% CI, 14-20). Death of HIV-positive mothers, but not of HIV-negative mothers or of fathers, was associated with increased child mortality. Among survivors who were still resident in the district, neither maternal HIV status nor orphanhood was associated with stunting, being wasted, or reported ill-health. CONCLUSIONS: Mortality in children under 5 years is much higher in children born to HIV-positive mothers than in those born to HIV-negative mothers. With 10% of pregnant women HIV-positive, we estimate that approximately 18% of under-5 deaths in this population are attributable to HIV. Most of the excess is attributable to vertical transmission of HIV. Our findings suggest that, in terms of physical well-being, the extended family in this society has not discriminated against surviving children whose parents have been ill or have died as a result of HIV/AIDS.
Notes : 0269-9370
Site web : http://ww4.aegis.org/news/ads/2003/AD031081.htmlArticle de périodique
Kamali, A.; Seeley, J.; Nunn, A. J.; Kengeya-Kayondo, J. F.; Ruberantwari, A.; Mulder, D.
The orphan problem: experience of a sub-Saharan Africa rural population in the AIDS epidemic
1996, AIDS Care, N*deg;8, 5, p. 509-15
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Etudes prospectives; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins; Parents; Population; Population rurale; Prévalence; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : During 1989-90 the Medical Research Programme on AIDS enrolled 4975 children younger than 15 living in a cluster of 15 villages in rural Masaka district, southwest Uganda, into a 3-year prospective study. It examined the data to assess the magnitude of the problem of orphans and the extent to which HIV-1 is contributing to their problems. In this area, it is common for children with both parents alive to live with other relatives (e.g., grandparents) to help with domestic work. 518 (10.4%) children had lost 1 or both parents. These orphans were more likely to have lost a father alone than a mother alone (6.3% vs. 2.8%). 67 (13%) of the 518 orphans (i.e., >1% of all children) had lost both parents. Orphans 0-4 years old and surviving parents of orphans were more likely to be HIV-1 infected than their counterparts (5.6% vs. 0.9% for non-orphans 0-4 years old; p = 0.01 and 15.4% vs. 6.2% for parents of non-orphans; p < 0.001). During the follow-up period, 83 parents of previous non-orphans died, leaving 169 orphans. 42.6% of the newly registered orphans had an HIV-1 positive parent. 98 deaths occurred among HIV-1 negative children (7 orphans, 91 non-orphans). No significant difference in mortality rates among HIV-1 negative children existed. Yet, in the 0-4 year old age group, orphans had a higher, but insignificantly so, 3-year mortality rate than non-orphans (22.1 vs. 15.6/1000 person-years). School attendance in the previous 6 months was slightly lower among orphans than non-orphans (75.5% vs. 83.6%) but the difference was insignificant (p = 0.3). Census data indicate that orphanhood has increased by at least 50% in the last 20 years, probably due to the AIDS epidemic. These findings suggest that the community tends to care well for orphans, but if the HIV/AIDS epidemic continues this coping mechanism may be become overly burdened.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Sengendo, J.; Nambi, J.
The psychological effect of orphanhood: a study of orphans in Rakai district
1997, Health Transit Rev, N*deg;7 Suppl, p. 105-24
Mots clés : Adolescent; Adolescents; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dépression; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Emotions; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Surmortalité; Troubles mentaux
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper examines the psychological effect of orphanhood in a case study of 193 children in Rakai district of Uganda. Studies on orphaned children have not examined the psychological impact. Adopting parents and schools have not provided the emotional support these children often need. Most adopting parents lack information on the problem and are therefore unable to offer emotional support; and school teachers do not know how to identify psychological and social problems and consequently fail to offer individual and group attention. The concept of the locus of control is used to show the relationship between the environment and individuals' assessment of their ability to deal with it and to adjust behaviour. Most orphans risk powerful cumulative and often negative effects as a result of parents' death, thus becoming vulnerable and predisposed to physical and psychological risks. The children were capable of distinguishing between their quality of life when their parents were alive and well, when they became sick, and when they eventually died. Most children lost hope when it became clear that their parents were sick, they also felt sad and helpless. When they were adopted, many of them felt angry and depressed. Children living with widowed fathers and those living on their own were significantly more depressed. These children were also more externally oriented than those who lived with their widowed mothers. Teachers need to be retrained in diagnosing psycho-social problems and given skills to deal with them. Short courses should be organized for guardians and community development workers in problem identification and counselling.
Notes : 1036-4005
Article de périodique
Whiteside, A.
The real challenges : the orphan generation and employment creation
2000, Aids Analysis Africa, N*deg;10, 4, p. 14-5
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport condensé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : A baby born to an HIV-positive mother has close to a 100% chance of being orphaned before reaching the age of 10. In South Africa, nearly 1 million children under the age of 15 are projected to lose their mothers by 2005 due to AIDS. These orphans are less likely to receive adequate parenting, education, and nutrition; others will seek to survive on the streets and thus will be more likely to face sexual abuse and exploitation. The long-term impact of HIV/AIDS on both the children and society will be severe. The orphans that AIDS is creating pose serious social, economic, political, and developmental challenges for South Africa. There are two options left for the government: 1) dramatically increasing welfare grants and staffing of welfare departments in order to care for the orphans; 2) find new imaginative measures of meeting the challenge. In addition, provision of employment for its population is another challenge the region is facing. Having the required resources and infrastructure, a potential intervention for South Africa would be training and employing a new cadre of workers to care for AIDS orphans. This type of response would also help build a civil society.
Notes : [Les vrais défis : génération orpheline et création d'emplois]; English
Article de périodique
Needham, D.
The reality of despair: AIDS in Malawi
1996, Canadian Medical Association Journal, N*deg;155, 1, p. 91-2
Mots clés : Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Malawi; Pays en développementRésumé : By the end of 1993, Malawi had the highest per capita rate of cumulative acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) cases in Africa. By the year 2000, an estimated 800,000 Malawians will have died of AIDS, leaving behind 850,000 orphans. The author, a medical student at Canada's McMaster University who travelled to Malawi as part of a medical elective, describes the devastating impact of the AIDS epidemic. At Queen Elizabeth Hospital in Blantyre, a third of the infants attending the nutrition clinic were infected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). These children presented with kwashiorkor, muscle wasting, and decubitus ulcers. At Malamulo Hospital in rural southern Malawi, over half of the medical patients had AIDS-related diseases such as cryptococcal meningitis. Two-thirds of tuberculosis patients were also HIV-positive. More hopeful was the author's experience at Ekwendeni Hospital in northern Malawi. Here, a successful primary health care program offers pre- and post-test HIV counseling, home-based care, AIDS orphan support, and community education.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Masmas, T. N.; Jensen, H.; Da Silva, D.; Hoj, L.; Sandstrom, A.; Aaby, P.
The social situation of motherless children in rural and urban areas of Guinea-Bissau
2004, Social Sciences and Medicine, N*deg;59, 6, p. 1231-9
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Analyse par cohorte; Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; étude; Etude cas-témoins; études; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Habillement; Jeunesse; Méthodologie de recherche; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Nutrition; Orphelins; Population; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; Problèmes sociaux; Qualité de la vie; Rapport de recherche; Santé; Taille/Dimension de la famille
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Guinée-Bissao; Pays en développementRésumé : English Abstract:
With the increasing prevalence of HIV infection and the high maternal mortality, orphans are a rapidly growing problem in Africa. However, few studies describe the social conditions of these children. Our study focuses on motherless children in urban and rural areas of Guinea-Bissau. A rural and an urban cohort of children (128 and 192, respectively) that had been followed by demographic surveillance since 1990 were identified and the relatives of these children interviewed. A control cohort of 808 individuals was also identified. Although orphan children remained disadvantaged, there were few differences between surviving motherless and control children in nutritional status, use of health care services, school attendance, quality of housing, and clothing. Motherless children moved more frequently and were more likely to live in small families, often with an older grandmother. The traditional extended family system appears to be capable of handling motherless children in a non-discriminatory fashion. However, the AIDS epidemic will continue to stress the extended family system and social services to the limit. (author's)
French Abstract:
Du fait de la prévalence accrue du VIH et du taux de mortalité maternelle élevé, la situation des orphelins en Afrique représente un problème de plus en plus crucial. Toutefois, les études décrivant les conditions sociales de ces enfants sont peu nombreuses. Notre étude est centrée sur les enfants sans mère dans les zones rurales et urbaines de Guinée-Bissau. Une cohorte composée d'enfants des zones urbaines et rurales, au nombre respectivement de 128 et 192 enfants, et soumis à une surveillance démographique depuis 1990, a été identifiée et les proches de ces enfants ont été interrogés. Une cohorte de contrôle composée de 808 individus a aussi été identifiée. Bien que la situation des enfants orphelins soit demeurée défavorisée, les différences entre les enfants orphelins de mère et ceux sous surveillance se sont avérées peu importantes en ce qui concerne leur statut nutritionnel, le recours aux services de soins de santé, la fréquentation des structures scolaires, la qualité du foyer et l'habillement. Il est apparu que les enfants sans mère étaient plus mobiles et plus susceptibles de vivre dans des structures familiales de petite taille, très souvent en compagnie d'une grand-mère relativement âgée. Le système de famille traditionnellement élargie semble être en mesure de traiter la thématique des enfants sans mère de manière non discriminatoire. Cependant, du fait de l'expansion de l'épidémie du SIDA, le système de la famille élargie et les services sociaux vont, à un moment où un autre, se retrouver confrontés à leurs propres limites. (de l'auteur)Notes : 0277-9536; Multicenter Study
Site web : http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=Retrieve&db=PubMed&dopt=Citation&list_uids=15210094; http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-4BM69R2-5-1X&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=browse&_coverDate=09%2F30%2F2004&_sk=999409993&view=c&wchp=dGLbVzb-zSkWz&md5=3aef08d8d4a9327df4ca799cee8a2b4c&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Persson, E.
The threat of Aids to the health of women
1994, International Journal of Gynecology and Obstetrics, N*deg;46, 2, p. 189-193
Mots clés : Facteurs démographiques; Femme; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Population; Santé; Santé de la reproduction; SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : By reviewing the epidemiology of AIDS, it is clear that the disease will be among the leading causes of death for women in both developing and developed countries during this decade. The physiology of females increases their vulnerability to the disease, and the inequality experienced by women in many societies makes it impossible for them to control the behavior changes on the part of their male partners which would help protect them from transmission. Females are also victims of cultural practices (such as the use of vaginal astringents or tightening agents) and health beliefs (such as the notion that a man can rid himself of the disease by transmitting it to a woman) which increase their vulnerability. Early age at marriage and child-bearing interferes with a woman's opportunity to acquire education and increases chances of maternal-fetal transmission. The burdens imposed by infertility in societies which prize fertility may lead women to adopt lifestyles which hold sexual danger, such as taking multiple partners or becoming prostitutes. In addition, blood transfusions are unsafe in many developing countries, and women receive a disproportionate share of transfused blood. The psycho-social burden of the disease is greater for women because they must deal with the possibility of transmitting it to their unborn children, and they act as primary care-givers when their children are sick. In order to address this problem, the status of women must be strengthened with support by formal law and policy-makers in society. Women must also have access to appropriate educational programs and the same health care facilities as men. Policy-makers must be apprised of the special threat AIDS poses to women so that men and women can work together to strengthen each other in their efforts to meet the this challenge.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Menting, A.
The village and the children
2000, Harvard AIDS Review, N*deg;Children and AIDS, p. 15-8.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Fondations; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : In 1997 the US Agency for International Development published inverted question markChildren on the Brink: Strategies to Support Children Isolated by HIV/AIDS, inverted question mark a report that gave estimates of the number of orphans the AIDS epidemic has produced. A total of 23 countries were examined, subsequently determining that the number of orphaned children could reach 40 million by the end of 2010. In addition, the report estimated that in the 19 African nations the orphan crisis would affect 1 in every 5 children below 15 years of age, and 1 in every 3 children in some nations, by the year 2000. Responding to the needs of the millions of African children who have been orphaned by AIDS, Millicent Nomsa Mnqayi and several women from the Melville Community Development Group founded centers that focused on caring for the orphans. These include the Othandweni Children's Home in KwaZulu-Natal, the Vulamehlu Health Resource Center, the Enduduzweni Information and Drop-in Center, and the Siphesihle Center. These community-based programs aim to build the skills in the orphaned children so they may be able to do things for themselves while remaining a part of the village. Although much controversy surrounds these programs, these community-based responses should be fostered through building an enabling environment.
Site web : http://www.aids.harvard.edu/news_publications/har/spring_2000/index.htmlArticle de périodique
Mody, K.
To act: management. AIDS and alternative orphan centers. The case of the family houses of Caritas-Rwanda
1993, Societes d'Afrique et Sida, N*deg;1, p. 7
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins du sida; Placement familial; Population
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; RwandaRésumé : The AIDS epidemic has drawn attention to the lack of social, family, or community systems to provide homes for orphans in Rwanda. A Caritas survey in Rwanda indicated that support mechanisms for orphans depend on the marital status of the mother. If she lived in a legal union with her husband before her death, the paternal extended family would generally take the children. If the union were de facto rather than legal, the mother's relatives would be more likely to assume responsibility for the children. Children of single or separated mothers would be left to rely on maternal grandparents or mutual aid organizations. The family house intervention has been developed by Caritas-Rwanda in the absence of institutional responses to the growing problem of AIDS orphans in Africa. Caritas-Rwanda has cooperated closely with the National Program to Combat AIDS. Caritas has helped develop programs for home care, food assistance, education of children of AIDS patients, purchase of drugs, housing for AIDS patients, provision of funeral services, and purchase of family houses for children orphaned by AIDS. Family houses are preferred over traditional orphanages for their ability to provide a loving, safe home reflecting the sociocultural values of the local society. Caritas has purchased six family houses each with space for eight to ten children with a guardian under the supervision of a social assistant. Each family receives a monthly allowance from Caritas depending on the number of children. The program has given satisfactory results as of January 1993.
Notes : Agir: prise en charge. SIDA et alternative d'accueil des orphelins. Cas des maisons familiales de Caritas-Rwanda.; French; English
Article de périodique
Africa Recovery
Tragedy and hope: Africa's struggle against HIV AIDS
2004, Africa Recovery, N*deg;Special compilation of AIDS articles, p. 3
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Coopération internationale; Evaluation; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; ONU; Personne séropositive; Prévalence; Prévention; Prévention du Sida; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : This special reprint edition of Africa Recovery documents some of the key developments in Africa's struggle against the disease, and highlights the efforts of Africans and their international partners to turn back the tide. The articles include an analysis of the role of men in prevention, a look at efforts to reduce HIV transmission in the military, and the terrible combination of famine and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa. Other articles examine the development impact of the pandemic, the plight of AIDS orphans and the battle to break through the price barrier to care and treatment for the poor. Africa's own efforts are detailed in articles on successful prevention campaigns in Senegal and Uganda, and on Botswana's pioneering commitment to provide care and treatment to all of its citizens with HIV. An article on two unprecedented drug treatment initiatives, one by the World Health Organization and another by the US government, bring the issue to the present, and to what many observers say is an historic moment of opportunity. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/subjindx/aids_compintro.htm; http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlArticle de périodique
Mulder, D.; Nunn, A. J.; Kamali, A.; Nakiyingi, J.; Wagner, H.; Kengeya-Kayondo, J. F.
Two-year HIV-1-associated mortality in a Ugandan rural population
1994, Lancet, N*deg;343:1, 8904, p. 021-3
Mots clés : Cause de décès; Dynamique de la population; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Population; Prévalence
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The mortality in 15 villages in South-West Uganda was studied in relation to HIV infection." The results quantify the greatly increased mortality due to HIV infection in Africa, particularly among those aged 25-34, even in an area where the overall HIV-1 adult prevalence rate is relatively low. (ANNOTATION)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Sharpe, U.
Uganda. Assistance programme for AIDS orphans
1993, Children Worldwide, N*deg;20, 2-3, p. 47-51
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; Rapport condensé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The Mobile Program was launched in 1987 and now responds to the needs of the AIDS-affected community through the Kitovu Hospital working in 15 Catholic parishes in Masaka Diocese in Rikai and Masaka districts. The program home care, orphan-oriented, and education components serve individuals who have been clinically diagnosed with AIDS, the worried well who wish to know their HIV status, orphans, AIDS-affected widows and guardians, and families affected by the AIDS epidemic. There is no family in the area which does not have orphans from relatives who have died from AIDS. Caring for these orphans often taxes already limited family resources. The Orphan's Program tries to help these families cope with the situation. The program for orphans has the following objectives: to provide school fees, uniforms, and scholastic materials to needy AIDS-affected orphans; to raise awareness among orphans regarding the spread of HIV and the need to adopt safer sex practices; to facilitate peer counseling among the orphans and to provide individual counseling to those in need; to stimulate the creativity of orphans through drama, song, and art, and to provide recreational facilities; to promote the spiritual growth of the orphans in their respective denominations; and to upgrade the teaching standard in schools with orphans. 2000 children of parents who used the home care service are on the immediate waiting list to receive services. Their dying parents were reassured in the program that their children would be cared for once orphaned. Nongovernmental organizations in the area care for orphans, but only less than one third of the children who need help. The paper discusses program drop-outs, the social and behavior change program, the problemmatic lack of personnel, the parish/community leader's AIDS course, guardians' seminars, and income-generating activities.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Bechu, N.; Delcroix, S.; Floury, D.
Un programme pilote de soutien aux enfants et familles affectés par l'épidémie de sida en Afrique
1995, Sociétés d'Afrique et sida, N*deg;7, p. p.5-6
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Familles; Intervention; Programme; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne
Site web : http://www.ssd.u-bordeaux2.fr/sas/pdf/n07.pdfArticle de périodique
Oleke, C.; Blystad, A.; Rekdal, O. B.
When the obvious brother is not there": Political and cultural contexts of the orphan challenge in northern Uganda
2005, Social Science and Medicine, N*deg;61, p. 2628-2638
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Contexte culturel; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; Etat matrimonial; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs politiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Nuptialité; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; veuve
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : It is estimated that two million of Uganda's children today are orphaned primarily due to AIDS. While recognising the immense impact of HIV/AIDS on the present orphan problem, this article calls for a broader historic and cultural contextualisation to reach an understanding of the vastness of the orphan challenge. The study on which the article is based was carried out among the Langi in Lira District, northern Uganda, with a prime focus on the situation of orphans within the extended family system. The data were collected through ethnographic fieldwork (8 months); in-depth interviews with community leaders (21), heads of households (45) and orphans (35); through focus group discussions (5) with adult men and women caring for orphans, community leaders and with orphans; and also through documentary review. A survey was conducted in 402 households. The findings reveal a transition over the past 30 years from a situation dominated by 'purposeful' voluntary exchange of non-orphaned children to one dominated by 'crisis fostering' of orphans. Sixty-three percent of the households caring for orphans were found to be no longer headed by resourceful paternal kin in a manner deemed culturally appropriate by the patrilineal Langi society, but rather by marginalised widows, grandmothers or other single women receiving little support from the paternal clan. This transition is partly linked to an abrupt discontinuation of the Langi 'widow inheritance' (laku) practice. It is argued that the consequential transformations in fostering practices in northern Uganda must be historically situated through a focus on the effects of armed conflicts and uprooting of the local pastoral and cotton-based economy, which have occurred since the late 1970s. These processes jointly produced dramatic economic marginalisation with highly disturbing consequences for orphans and their caretakers.
Site web : http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=MImg&_imagekey=B6VBF-4GGWGKT-1-2&_cdi=5925&_user=2292769&_orig=search&_coverDate=12%2F31%2F2005&_qd=1&_sk=999389987&view=c&wchp=dGLbVtb-zSkWW&md5=aab2e9a10617f5a7cf759750dccead91&ie=/sdarticle.pdfArticle de périodique
Webb, D.
Who will take care of the AIDS orphans?
1995, AIDS Analysis Africa, N*deg;5, 2, p. 12-3.
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Attitude; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Namibie; Pays en développementRésumé : PIP: There will be 500,000 AIDS orphans in South Africa by the year 2000. They will need proper care in order to avoid poverty, marginalization, and ultimately resorting to crime, prostitution, and drug abuse. More than 500 respondents in five communities in South Africa and Namibia were surveyed in 1992-93 about what they think should happen to AIDS orphans. 52.5% feel that relatives or other community members should take care of the orphans. Support for government care averages 45.3%, but varies widely across the sites, ranging from 5% in the Oshana Region to 80.2% in Natal. The pattern is reversed for those favoring community care, with a low of 16.5% in Natal and an high of 97% in Oshana Region. More than 75% of people in Soweto, the only urban sample, feel that the government is responsible in some way, mostly through orphanages. Teenagers and elderly people, most likely to be dependents themselves, were the least likely to be sympathetic to orphans, while the poorest and most affluent households were the most sympathetic. Individuals of parental age were most likely to prefer orphan care within the community, either by a family unit or at an interhousehold level, and the middle income group regards the government as the primary caregivers. There is no doubt that the government of South Africa will find it very difficult to cope if communities refuse to care for AIDS orphans. Reciprocity must be identified within social networks and strengthened institutionally, with education programs launched to emphasize that providing for orphans is primarily the responsibility of relatives and that institutional response can only supplement rather than replace community support systems.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Hlatshwayo, Z.; Stein, J.
Why HIV AIDS brings the need for gender equality into focus
1997, Aids Bulletin, N*deg;6, 4, p. 17-8
Mots clés : Biologie; Condition féminine; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Femme; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Population; Problèmes de genre; Relations de genre; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Women's disproportionate vulnerability to HIV infection reflects a combination of physiological, social, economic, and cultural factors. Women's physiological susceptibility derives from the greater mucosal surface exposed to HIV, the greater quantity of virus present in semen than vaginal secretion, and a higher incidence of untreated sexually transmitted diseases. Their low socioeconomic status and lack of power in sexual relationships forces many women in Africa to participate in high-risk sexual activities. The major methods of HIV prevention--condom use and sexual monogamy--are under men's control. Women are also disproportionately affected as caretakers of the terminally ill and children orphaned as a result of HIV. Finally, HIV-infected women often face even greater stigmatization and prejudice than their male counterparts. Required, to address these inequities, are research into female-controlled prevention devices, social welfare and housing support for HIV-infected women and their children, female empowerment, the destigmatization of HIV as a disease of the sexually promiscuous, legislation covering commercial sex work, and support from trained health care and social workers in the provision of home care and orphan care.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlArticle de périodique
Townsend, L.; Dawes, A.
Willingness to care for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS: a study of foster and adoptive parents
2004, African Journal of AIDS Research, N*deg; 3, 1, p. 69-80
Mots clés : adresse postale; décès parantal; décès parental; Soins parentaux alternatifsRésumé : There is substantial evidence to indicate that South Africa is facing the prospect of a large number of children, now and in the future, who will be orphaned as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic. Following the incapacitation and/or death of their parents, many of these children will be cared for by the safety net provided by members of their extended families. However, there is evidence to suggest that this safety net is fast becoming overwhelmed and possibly reaching saturation point. The ideal would be for as many of these children as possible to experience some type of family life in which to grow and mature into responsible adults. The present study explores adoptive and foster parents' (n = 175) willingness to care for a child orphaned by HIV/AIDS. Although some differences were noted depending on the HIV status of the child and whether the respondent was an adoptive or foster parent, results indicate an overall willingness in these populations to care for children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The evidence also suggests that HIV-negative female orphans who are younger than 6 years, and who are family members, or from the same cultural background as the potential caregivers and do not have surviving relatives or siblings, have the best chance of being taken into foster or adoptive care.
Site web : http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/nisc/ajar/2004/00000003/00000001/art00008Article de périodique
Binswanger, H. P.
Willingness to pay for AIDS treatment: myths and realities
2003, Lancet, N*deg;362, 9390, p. 1152-1153
Mots clés : Activités financières; Agences gouvernementales; Agences internationales; Banque Mondiale; Coût-Efficacité; Evaluation; Evaluation quantitative; Facteurs économiques; Fonds; Indicateurs d'évaluation; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Médicament antiviral; Médicaments; Organisations; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; Recommandations; SIDA; Traitement; USAID
Pays : Afrique; Amérique du Nord; Amériques; Etats-Unis; Pays développé; Pays en développementRésumé : By AIDS day 2002, HIV/AIDS in Africa had killed 20.4 million and infected 29.4 million people. This number of deaths is seven times that in the Nazi holocaust, and it approaches the death toll associated with transatlantic slave trading. Treatment for AIDS includes monitoring of disease progression, psychosocial support, provision of adequate nutrition, teaching healthy living and survival skills, prophylaxis and treatment of opportunistic infections, and antiretroviral treatment. Such holistic treatment can now be provided at an all-inclusive cost of about US$600 dollars per year. Yet most African countries and donors still judge this amount to be too costly. The cost of not treating a person with AIDS includes the loss of output of each patient; loss of income of care-givers; cost of treatment in homes, clinics, and hospitals; funeral costs; death and survivor benefits; and the cost of orphan care and support. These costs are met by patients, families, employers, governments, and society at large. On economic grounds alone treatment should be provided for all those for whom the present value of expenses exceeds the cost of not giving treatment. Results of several studies show that this situation is now true for many classes of people and workers. The issue has become not whether we can afford to treat, but whether we can afford not to. Here, I review imagined obstacles and faulty arguments against large-scale treatment programmes, and show that unwillingness to pay is the main reason for inaction. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://info.worldbank.org/etools/docs/library/49284/binswanger_lancet.pdfArticle de périodique
Webb, D.
Zambia's AIDS orphans will change the structure of society
1996, AIDS Analysis Africa, N*deg;6, 3, p. 10-1.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; SIDA; Surmortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : PIP: In Zambia, 10-15% of the rural population and 25-30% of the urban population is infected with HIV. An estimated 500 new people in the country are infected daily with HIV. HIV infection in Zambia is therefore widely disseminated and spreading rapidly. Infection rates are expected to peak in urban areas in 1998 at 28% and in rural areas in 2004 at 22%. AIDS mortality rates continue to increase. As the toll of AIDS mortality mounts, the number of orphans will increase. Indeed, the number of orphans will continue to increase well into the next decade, stabilizing approximately six years after national HIV prevalence rates peak. The number and concentration of orphans are highest in urban and periurban areas. A 1993 national survey determined that 42% of urban households cared for an orphan, compared to 33% in rural areas. In 1995, the national AIDS program estimated that there are 200,000-250,000 orphans and that the total should increase to 550,000-600,000 by the year 2000. 53.9% and 18% of orphans in Zambia are paternal and maternal orphans, respectively. The number of children who have lost both parents will continue to increase. The author discusses the differing living standards of orphans and coping.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.html
CongrèsChapitre d'ouvrage
Shuey, D.; Bagarukayo, H.; Senkusu, S.; Ryan, K.
A community-based program for orphans and vulnerable children, Luwero district, Uganda: strategies for implementation
1996 - in Mann, J ;Tarantola, J.M, AIDS in the world II: global dimensions, social roots, and responses. The Global AIDS Policy Coalition, New York, Oxford University Press, p. 283-5
Mots clés : Adolescent; Adolescents; Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la population; Changement; Changement social; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation de programme; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maintien du programme; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Participation communautaire; Population; Programmes intégrés; Qualité de la vie; Rapport d'activité; SIDA; Suivi
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The 1991 census showed that 1.48 million Ugandan children are orphans (the Ugandan government defines orphan as any child under age 18 with one missing parent), mainly due to AIDS and civil strife. A community-based approach that keeps children in their communities within extended families has been adopted. Since 1994, the Association Francois-Xavier Bagnoud (AFXB) has extended support to the African Medical and Research Foundation (AMREF) in designing and implementing a program in two subcounties (Semuto and Butuntumula) in Luwero district where 20.8% of children are orphaned. The community-based nature of the program was emphasized, and labeling of the orphans avoided, at sensitization community meetings. A needs assessment conducted among political leaders, civil servants, religious leaders, guardians, and orphans revealed the following needs in descending order of priority: 1) school fees; 2) scholastic materials; 3) food; 4) bedding; 5) clothing; 6) medical care; and 7) skills development for older orphans. The community-level political structures (Resistance Councils Level I) compiled a list of orphans (3160 in Butuntumula and 2200 in Semuto). No children were living completely without adult supervision; their number per household ranged from 1 to 17; and mothers were the most common guardians. A district steering committee and subcounty working committees met regularly, and parish committees were formed to monitor program activities. Program strategies included: 1) primary level schooling; 2) assistance to guardian groups and individual guardians; 3) emergency humanitarian assistance; 4) ad hoc vocational training; and 5) counseling on the rights of children and widows. As of late 1995, 16 primary schools in Semuto and 14 in Butuntumula had been assisted with materials and income-generating supplies, and 1183 children had been admitted to school without fees for 2 years. 35 guardian groups caring for 717 orphans and 26 individual guardians caring for 278 orphans had been given assistance with income-generating projects. 35 orphans received ad hoc apprenticeship training, and 127 received humanitarian assistance (food, bedding, medical care). There were three possible cases of misappropriation of supplies, which were pursued by local groups. A list of lessons learned is given.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Ntozi, J. P.; Nakayiwa, S.
AIDS in Uganda: how has the household coped with the epidemic?
1999 - in Caldwell, J.;Orubuloye, I. O. ;Ntozi, J. P., The continuing HIV / AIDS epidemic in Africa: responses and coping strategies, Canberra, Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, p. 155-181
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Caractéristiques de la population; Cérémonies traditionnelles; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Culture; Décès; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Etat matrimonial; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mariage; Méthodologie de recherche; Modèles de mariage; Mortalité; Nuptialité; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Rapport de recherche; Remariage; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA; Soin à domicile; veuve
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper examines how households are coping with the AIDS epidemic and is based on data from four studies of six districts in Uganda between 1992 and 1995. Patient care was found to be principally given by the parents and other relatives. A considerable proportion of spouses cared for the male AIDS patients. Orphans were mainly cared for by relatives, especially grandmothers. Upon the death of one parent, the surviving parent was the principal caretaker. A number of orphans cared for themselves. People cope with widowhood by either remarrying or migrating. The effects of HIV and AIDS on traditional norms were reduction in widow inheritance, household management by the widows or relatives after the death of the household head, and resorting to shorter funeral ceremonies. In marriage, people coped by changing their behaviour to sexual abstinence, fidelity, separation or dissolution of marriages, decrease in polygyny, delayed marriage, and careful selection of potential marriage partners, including tests for HIV before marriage. (author's)
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Saoke, P.; Mutemi, R.; Blair, C.
Another song begins: children orphaned by AIDS
1996 - in Forsythe, S.;Rau, B.;Alrutz, N.;Gold, E.;Hayman, J.;Lux, L., AIDS in Kenya: socioeconomic impact and policy implications, Arlington, Family Health International (FHI), AIDS Control and Prevention Project (AIDSCAP), p. 45-64
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : A 4-month study of children orphaned by AIDS involved holding interviews with 128 orphans and 32 of their caretakers during 1994 in Kisumu, Busia, Kitui, and Mombasa. Kisumu has the highest rate of HIV/AIDS infection in Kenya; Busia District, on the Kenya/Uganda border, has high infection rates; Kitui is a remote district in the Eastern province; and Mombasa is a tourist town in Coast province, one of the country's enclaves of HIV/AIDS infection with the largest number of prostitutes in the country. While there were some socioeconomic differences among the orphans, most children lived in extreme poverty. AIDS, especially when combined with poverty, places great stress upon traditional care structures, causing extreme adjustments in households. The desire to assure family survival was found to be a major priority for the orphans, although economic factors are weighted heavily against this. The adaptability and strength of Kenya's families are a critical element in the survival of social networks. The study identified 288 children who have lost their fathers, 240 who have lost their mothers, and 80 who have lost both parents. These orphans are discussed, followed by discussion of the types of caretakers who foster orphans and the needs of orphans.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Chièze, F.
Aspects biomédicaux du sida en Afrique
1994 - in Vallin, J, Populations africaines et sida, Paris, Edition La découverte/CEPED, p. 17-57
Mots clés : Biologie; Médecine; Population; SIDA
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : Cet ouvrage collectif a été écrit afin d'apporter des éléments de réponse scientifiques à la question des conséquences du SIDA sur l'avenir de la population africaine. Cette clarification était nécessaire pour une épidémie qui semble remettre en question la « transition démographique » du continent africain, réveillant les spectres des grands fléaux malthusiens du Moyen Age en Europe, et qui, de par sa transmission sexuelle, suscite des interprétations idéologiques mettant en jeu le bien et le mal. Face à ces interrogations, les données démographiques et épidémiologiques font cruellement défaut, d'où la difficulté de l'entreprise des auteurs.
Site web : http://sauvy.ined.fr/popafsi/sommaire.html
La première partie, de François Chièze, porte sur les aspects biomédicaux du SIDA en Afrique, autour de trois thèmes : le virus et son hôte, la maladie, et la réponse médicale. (Iris Afrik)Chapitre d'ouvrage
Ntozi, J. P.; Zirimenya, S.
Changes in household composition and family structure during the AIDS epidemic in Uganda
1999 - in Caldwell, J.;Orubuloye, I. O.;Ntozi, J. P., The Continuing African HIV/AIDS Epidemic: responses and coping strategies, Canberra, Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, p. 193-209
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Charges de famille; Chef de ménage; Epidémie; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; SIDA; Taille/Dimension de la famille
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The paper examines aspects of changes in the family and household structure during the AIDS epidemic in Uganda using data collected from a multi-phase study in six districts. The majority of households were of extended nature and there were high levels, though declining, of orphanhood and widowhood. There was also increase in the dependency burden. Households headed by males and the elderly increased and a few were headed by children. Monogamous households with children were increasing.
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Bledsoe, C.; Brandon, A.
Child fosterage and child mortality in Sub-Saharan Africa: some preliminary questions and answers
1992 - in Van de Walle, E.;Pison, G.;Sala-Diakanda, M., Mortality and society in Sub-Saharan Africa., Oxford, England, Clarendon Press, p. 279-302
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Nutrition; Placement familial; Population; Recueil de données; Revue de la littérature; Santé; Sources d'erreur
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; Sierra LeoneRésumé : After examining some background African literature on social factors underlying child malnutrition, we turn to data from Sierra Leone to examine different kinds of fosterage and their possible morbidity and mortality consequences. Because fosterage is a relatively unexplored topic for demographers and nutritionists, we highlight a number of methodological problems in data collection and interpretation, in our own study as well as in others, as an aid to future research." Age factors are considered, as are reasons for sending a child into foster care. (EXCERPT)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Bledsoe, C.
Children are like young bamboo trees": potentiality and reproduction in Sub-Saharan Africa
1994 - in K. Lindahl-Kiessling;Landberg, H., Population, economic development, and the environment, New York, Oxford University Press, p. 105-38
Mots clés : Démographie; Malthusianisme; Population; Reproduction; Sciences sociales; Théorie de population
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Thomas Malthus presented a grand vision of society not as a static entity of fixed parts, but as a dynamic system of relationships across time. While he failed to realize how fast people can adapt to economic pressures in order to avert overpopulation and the attendant adverse consequences, Malthus understood that demographic events have long-term consequences. Large families continue to be valued throughout most of Africa. The author's research has focused upon the widespread use of contraception to control the timing of births and the widespread tolerance of child fostering. Only by interpreting these phenomena through Malthus' vision can one perceive the much larger political spectrum of worry and action regarding reproduction. Ethnographic field data on child fosterage were collected among the Mende of Sierra Leone during 1981-82. These data and other material from an earlier field study on marriage in Liberia and a new project on contraception in the Gambia are discussed. The author's findings suggest fresh ways of interpreting reproduction strategies.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Urassa, M.; Walraven, G.; Boerma, J. T.
Consequences of the AIDS epidemic for children
1997 - in Japheth Ng'weshemi, Ties Boerma, John Bennett and Dick Schapink (ed.), HIV prevention and AIDS care in Africa. A district level approach, Amsterdam, Royal Tropical Institute, p. 337-49
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Allaitement; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Mortalité juvénile; Nutrition de l'enfant; Orphelins; Population; Prévention du Sida; Santé nutritive; SIDA; Transmission; Transmission de la mère à l'enfant
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The HIV/AIDS epidemic among children in sub-Saharan Africa has been fueled by the large number of infected women in the childbearing age group, child sexual abuse, the near-universal practice of breast feeding, and frequent use of blood transfusions for child health problems such as anemia. Methods under investigation to reduce mother-to-child transmission include vaginal disinfection with virucide before delivery, vitamin A supplementation, and antiviral drugs. Most HIV-infected children become ill during their first year of life, but symptoms may resemble those of other childhood diseases. Moreover, a positive HIV antibody test is reliable only after 18 months of age. Estimated AIDS-related increases in child mortality range from 3% to 26% in African countries. Parental HIV infection compromises family income, the quality of child care, and the likelihood of preventive medical care; it further creates AIDS orphans and street children. Districts in sub-Saharan Africa are addressing the staggering increases in AIDS orphans through orphanages, direct support for basic needs and school fees, and feeding posts and child care centers. In Zimbabwe, where 18% of households include orphans and 13% of children have been orphaned, the majority of children receive adequate care within extended families or through adaptations of community coping methods. Support for such existing mechanisms may be the best approach to orphan care in sub-Saharan Africa. However, special programs may need to be designed for poorer children and households in urban and peri-urban areas.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Dozon, JP.; Guillaume, A.
Contextes, conséquences socio-économiques et coûts du Sida
1994 - in Vallin, J, Populations africaines et Sida, Paris, France, La Découverte, CEPED, p. 179-223
Mots clés : Démographie; Epidémie; Epidémiologie; Population; SIDA
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : Cet ouvrage collectif a été écrit afin d'apporter des éléments de réponse scientifiques à la question des conséquences du SIDA sur l'avenir de la population africaine. Cette clarification était nécessaire pour une épidémie qui semble remettre en question la « transition démographique » du continent africain, réveillant les spectres des grands fléaux malthusiens du Moyen Age en Europe, et qui, de par sa transmission sexuelle, suscite des interprétations idéologiques mettant en jeu le bien et le mal. Face à ces interrogations, les données démographiques et épidémiologiques font cruellement défaut, d'où la difficulté de l'entreprise des auteurs.
Site web : http://sauvy.ined.fr/popafsi/sommaire.html
La quatrième partie est écrite par Jean-Pierre Dozon et Agnès Guillaume, et porte sur les contextes, les conséquences socioéconomiques et les coûts du SIDA. L'épidémie y est envisagée comme une menace de faillite pour un système sanitaire déjà en crise, puis comme source de graves problèmes sociaux, et enfin son coût pour les économies africaines est étudié. (Iris Afrik)Chapitre d'ouvrage
Guest, E.
Excerpt from Children of AIDS: Africa's Orphan Crisis: A Mother to Her Brothers: A Child-headed Household's Story, Johannesburg, South Africa
2004 - in Kalipeni, Ezekiel;Craddock, Susan ;Oppong, Joseph R. ;Ghosh, Jayati, HIV and AIDS in Africa: beyond epidemiology, Malden, Massachusetts, Blackwell Publishing, p. 316-322
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Chef de ménage; Comportement; Composition de la population; Discrimination sociale; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs géographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Nutrition; Organisation de vie; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Our relatives don't come. They don't want to see us. I don't know why. Some of them came before my parents died. Some of them. Right now, they don't come. No one visits us. I don't know why. They live close but we don't see them. When we last saw them, it was at the funeral. That was the last time. I feel angry because... Why don't they come to visit us?" Molatela is a gorgeous 17-year-old from Sebokeng, a township outside Johannesburg where some of the worst massacres of the apartheid era were perpetrated. She has a shy, appealing smile and she cares about her appearance. She keeps up with fashion and frequently changes her hair. She lives in a small, box-like house; one of thousands lined up along the township's dusty roads. Under the same roof are her four brothers. The oldest, Ngwako is 21, followed by Matome who is 14 and Nakampe who is nine. Pheega, the baby of the family, is three and HIV positive. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Gauthier, A.; Pilon, M.
Familles du Sud : introduction
1997 - in Gautier, Arlette;Pilon, Marc, Familles du Sud, Paris, Éditions de l'Aube, ORSTOM, N*deg;2, p. 5-14
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Familles; Fécondité; indicateur socio économique; Nuptialité; Politique de la famille; Politique familiale; Structure familialeNotes : Français
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Bruce, J.; Lloyd, C.
Finding the ties that bind: beyond headship and household
1996 - in Haddad, L.;Hoddwitt, J;Alderman, H., Intrahousehold resource allocation in developing countries: Methods, models and policy, Baltimore, John Hopkins University press
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de résidence; Chef de ménage; Comportement; Composition de la population; Condition féminine; Etat matrimonial; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Femme; Lien de parenté; ménages; Nuptialité; Organisation de vie; Politique; Politique sociale; PopulationRésumé : The last decade has seen renewed research and policy attention to the issue of female-headed and -maintained households in developing countries. This paper takes stock of the knowledge gained and the lessons learned from the rapidly growing body of literature on households and headship for the purpose of outlining a new research and policy focus on the family. The first half of the paper combines a review of recent literature on female-headed and -maintained families and a reanalysis of newly available data on family circumstances and the living arrangements of women and children. The evidence presented leads the authors to conclude that "headship" alone cannot be used as a policy tool for identifying vulnerable households, women, and children, or indeed for isolating the main sources of their support. The second half of the paper draws out lessons for future research priorities and population and development policy. The paper proposes a new research focus on the family that transcends the physical and temporal boundaries of the household and a policy focus that inquires into meaningful family relationships. Special emphasis is placed on the specification and support of parenting roles--particularly fathering roles--in fulfilling the social and economic needs of children. (author's)
Site web : http://www.ifpri.org/pubs/fps/fps24.htmChapitre d'ouvrage
Williamson, J.
Findings a way forward: Principles and strategies for intervention
2000 - in Levine, C., Foster, G. (ed.), The Orphan Generation: the global legacy of the AIDS epidemic, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, p. 40 p.
Mots clés : Epidémie de Sida; Intervention; orphelin
Site web : http://www.iaen.org/impact/williamson.pdfChapitre d'ouvrage
Freire, S.
HIV/AIDS Affected Households: Status and Temporal Impacts
2003 - in Moatti, Jean-Paul ;Coriat, Benjamin ;Souteyrand, Yves ;Barnett, Tony ;Dumoulin, Jérome ;Flori, Yves-Antoine, Economics of AIDS and access to HIV / AIDS care in developing countries. Issues and challenges, Paris, Agence Nationale de Recherches sur le Sida (ANRS), p. 365-381
Mots clés : Communication; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Impact; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Personne séropositive; Rapport de recherche; Science Economique; Sciences sociales; SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : Micro studies, sectoral approaches and macro-models have tried to explain the implications of HIV/AIDS for the economy. These various approaches lead to a complex picture of the relationship between HIV/AIDS and economics. The objective of this article is to clarify the consequences of the epidemic by focusing on one social structure, the household, and by classifying the impacts according to status and temporal dimensions. The main result of this paper is that, due to the multiplicity of impacts, the definition of what is traditionally considered as an affected household is not valid any more. Part of the status impacts and all the temporal impacts are experienced by households traditionally considered as non-affected. As a consequence, the restrictive definition of an affected household could lead to the underestimation of the cost of HIV/AIDS and to inappropriate policies.(Author's)
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Nakiyingi, J.; Malamba, S. S.; Kamali, A.; Carpenter, L. M.; Nunn, A. J.; Whitworth, J. A.
Household composition and the HIV-1 epidemic in a rural Ugandan population
1997 - in IUSSP, The socio-demographic impact of AIDS in Africa. Based on the conference organized by the Committee on AIDS of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and the University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, 3-6 February 1997., Liege, p. 18
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Chef de ménage; Epidémie; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Population; Population rurale; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The authors examined the nature of changes which have occurred in different household structures during the HIV epidemic in rural Rakai District of southwestern Uganda, and which structures have been the most affected by the HIV epidemic. The approximately 10,000 inhabitants spread over 15 neighboring villages were enrolled in 1989/90 and followed annually. A household is a group of people who normally live and eat together, while the head of household owns the house, but is not necessarily the main income earner. An average of 1979 households were sampled per round, of which 26% were female-headed. The average household was comprised of 5.14 persons. 10 household structures were identified in the study area. The study identified a significant increase in the three extended household structures, while the proportion of monogamous households without children decreased significantly. There was no significant change over time in the proportion of female-headed households nor in dependency ratios either overall or for the different household structures. Despite high HIV prevalence, households headed by children remain very rare in the area. Male heads of monogamous households without children and male-headed disrupted households are at increased risk of HIV infection. The HIV prevalence among heads of households at greatest risk did not increase significantly over the study period.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Van Rooi, F.
How can the local community support OVC?
2001, First National Conference on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children, Windhoek, Namibia, 8-10 May 2001., Windhoek, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Directorate of Developmental Social Welfare Services, p. 63-5
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Conférences et congrès; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Jeunesse; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Participation communautaire; Population; Programmes
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Namibie; Pays en développementRésumé : This article presents a recap of a group session held during the First National Conference on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children (OVC) in Namibia from May 8- 10, 2001. The session discussed ways to develop a national comprehensive home- based family and orphan support program. Recommendations included: 1) programs based on voluntarism, involving entire communities and other stakeholders; 2) develop a national register of OVC; 3) develop a national register of caregivers and foster parents; and 4) establish an OVC fund. This article also provides the additional points in the report, the summary discussion of the group report as well as the plenary discussion on Group 1 report-back, further specifying the suggestions given.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Mutangadura, G.
How communities help families cope with HIV AIDS in Zimbabwe
2003 - in Singhal, A. ;Howard, W. S., The children of Africa confront AIDS: from vulnerability to possibility, Ohio, Ohio University Research in International Studies, N*deg;Africa Series No. 80, p. 159-168
Mots clés : Amis et Parents; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Communautés; Composition de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête Cap; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs géographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Focus groups; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Participation communautaire; Personne séropositive; Population; Rapport de recherche; Recherche qualitative; Recueil de données; réseaux sociaux; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : In Zimbabwe, an estimated six hundred thousand children have lost their mothers or both parents to AIDS since 1985. The National AIDS Co-ordination Program (NACP) in Zimbabwe estimates the orphan population to be growing by sixty thousand children per year. This situation demands feasible program interventions. The extended family as a safety net is still by far the most effective community response to this crisis. Traditionally it is assumed that the extended family and the community at large will assist orphans socially, economically, psychologically, and emotionally. This is a common practice in most parts of eastern and southern Africa. In Zimbabwe, traditional strong family ties have been the best social insurance against starvation? These ties include regular urban-rural interhousehold income transfers. When crops fail, family members from the town bring cash and purchased food to rural areas. When a family member in town loses a job, a family member from the rural areas sends food to town for them or welcomes them back to the rural homestead. In an orphan enumeration study in Mutare, all 340 orphans identified were absorbed into extended family structures. In a UNICEF study Masvingo Province, relatives in the community were found caring for more than eleven thousand orphans. Most of caregivers were grandmothers who were more than fifty old and widowed. Community coping responses take the form of different organizational groupings--informal (or traditional) and formal. hard-hit areas of Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Tanzania, traditional community initiatives such as savings clubs, burial societies, grain-saving schemes, and labor-sharing programs are playing a major role in helping households cope with the AIDS pandemic. The major activities carried out by community initiatives include assisting with burial ceremonies, communal farming, provision of food, supporting sick patients, and rebuilding dwellings. Besides providing material support, these informal groups are a major source of psychosocial support. However, as the number of AIDS-related deaths grows, these existing local strategies are under increasing pressure, and policies and programs must be designed that are capable of providing support when existing community mechanisms become inadequate. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Bechu, N.; Chevallier, E.
Impact of AIDS on household and family structures and impact on family economics
1994 - in IUSSP, AIDS Impact and Intervention in the Developing World: the Contribution of Demography and the Social Science based on the seminar organized by the IUSSP Working Group on AIDS, the Fondation Marcel Merieux and the Centre Jacques Cartier, Annecy, 5-9 December 1993., Liege, p. 14 p
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de résidence; Composition de la population; Conditions économiques; étude; études; Etudes prospectives; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisation de vie; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Centrale; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Amériques; Burundi; Caraïbes; Cote d'Ivoire; Haiti; Haïti; Pays en développementRésumé : A research program to assess the social and economic consequences of AIDS for families of patients is underway in the Ivory Coast, Burundi, and Haiti. The multicenter study is intended to guide the design of assistance programs. The two major aims are to obtain a better understanding of changes occasioned by AIDS in internal family organization, division of labor, relations between family members, child care, and integration in the family and community; and to analyze the economic and employment situation of families of AIDS patients. The study will be conducted in two phases, in the first of which 200 patients in the earlier stages of AIDS in each country will be interviewed. The cases will be identified by local medical teams from health facilities of different types that provide care for adult AIDS patients. At least three different facilities will participate in each country in order to ensure representation of rural and urban patients and a diversity of socioeconomic characteristics and patient pathologies. The study is intended to follow families prospectively and consequently excludes those without at least one child and patients hospitalized or at advanced stages of the disease. The initial interview and bimonthly follow-up interviews for one year are to be conducted in the homes of the patients and with the patient if possible or with a substitute designated in advance. 120 families in each country selected from the 200 initially interviewed will represent high and low educational levels, socioeconomic status, and degree of integration in the family and community. The family selection was completed in the Ivory Coast in May and June 1992, in Burundi in February through April 1993, and in Haiti in May through August 1993. The initial results demonstrated that the socioeconomic status of most families was already difficult. Only 59% of the AIDS patients in the Ivory Coast and 55% in Burundi had regular incomes, and other sources of income were limited. At the same time, expenses were increasing because of the illness.
Notes : French; Impact du SIDA sur les structures des menages et des familles et impact sur l'economie familiale.
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Kamali, A.; Whitworth, J. A.; Ruberantwari, A.; Carpenter, L. M.
Impact of the HIV-1 epidemic on orphan mortality in a rural Ugandan population cohort
1997 - in IUSSP, The socio-demographic impact of AIDS in Africa. Based on the conference organized by the Committee on AIDS of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and the University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, 3-6 February 1997, Liege, p. 14 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Placement familial; Population; Population rurale; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Surmortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : AIDS-related mortality is responsible for the creation of more than 40% of orphans in Uganda's rural populations. The HIV epidemic also contributes directly to childhood mortality. Children under age 15 years in a rural population cohort in southwest Uganda of approximately 10,000 people in 15 neighboring villages were followed from 1990/91 to 1994/95 to establish mortality rates for the period. 4975 children were identified, of whom 10.4% were orphans. 6.3% of all children had lost their father, 2.8% had lost their mother, and 1.3% had lost both parents. Overall HIV-1 prevalence for all ages and among children remained at 5% and 1%, respectively, throughout the study period. 10 of the 32 HIV-seropositive and 110 of the 4562 HIV-seronegative children died over the 4-year follow-up period. 2 of the 10 HIV-seropositive deaths and 9 of the 110 HIV-seronegative deaths were of orphans. Data presented and analyzed indicate the existence of an association between HIV-1 and orphanhood and child and mothers' mortality. However, no convincing evidence was found of increased mortality for orphans after allowing for age and HIV status. The current capacity of this community to cope with its orphans could be overwhelmed if the burden of orphans increases.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Yaro, Y.; Dougnon D.
L'impact du sida sur l'offre et la demande scolaires en Afrique subsaharienne
2003, Education, population et développement dans les pays du Sud, rapport français pour la 36eme Session de la Commission de la Population et du Développement des Nations Unies, Centre français pour la population et le développement (CEPED), Ministère français des Affaires Etrangères, Paris, p. 20 p.
Mots clés : Education; Enfant; Enfants; Orphelins; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : L'objet de cet article est d'analyser pour l'ensemble des pays au sud du Sahara, l'impact du sida sur l'offre et la demande scolaires. Il s'agit d'analyser les effets du sida sur la qualité et la quantité de l'offre scolaire à travers les enseignants. Quant à l'effet du sida sur la demande scolaire, il s'agit d'apprécier l'effet du sida sur l'action des individus, des familles et des communautés à inscrire -ou à avoir l'intention d'inscrire- et à maintenir leurs enfants dans un système scolaire.
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Vanderwalle, H.
La famille et les structures familiales
2001 - in Charbit, Yves, La population des pays en développement, Paris, La documentation française, p. 81-92
Mots clés : Familles; ménages; Population; Structure familiale
Pays : Pays en développementChapitre d'ouvrage
Wakam, J.
La situation des enfants orphelins en matière de scolarisation en Afrique. Le cas du Cameroun
2002 - in Gendreau, F. , D.Tabutin et M. Poupard, Chaire Quételet 2001 : Jeunesses, Vieillesse, Démographies et Sociétés; Quatrièmes Journées Scientifiques du Réseau de l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie, Louvain-la-Neuve, Bruyland-Academia; L'Harmattan, p. 177-195
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Inégalité sociale; orphelin; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; Relations de genre; Scolarisation
Pays : Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; CamerounNotes : Chaire Quetelet 2001 : Jeunesses, Vieillesse, Démographies et Sociétés; Quatrièmes Journées Scientifiques du Réseau de l'Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie, Louvain-la-Neuve (BE), 2001/05/29-06/01; Français
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Dabiré, B.
Le confiage des enfants, alternative à une transition de crise
2001 - in Gendreau, F.;Poupard, M., Transitions démographiques des pays du Sud, Actes des troisièmes Journées scientifiques du réseau " Démographie " de l'AUF, Rabat (Maroc), 9-12 décembre 1998, Paris, France, AUF, ESTEM, p. 407-421
Mots clés : Confiage d'enfant; Confiage d'enfants; Enfant confié; Enquête démographique et de santé; ménages; Mère; migration; Transition démographique
Pays : Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Burkina FasoRésumé : Ce chapitre aborde le problème du confage des enfants au Burkina Faso, à partir de l'enquête démographique et de santé de 1993. L'objectif est d'abord de cerner 1 'ampleur du phénomène de confiage. Ensuite, il s'agit de voir dans la situation de crise actuelle que vivent les pays africains, si le confiage ne relève pas plus d'un calcul économique que d'un sentiment d'altruisme ? Ce transfert, strafégie de « délestage » du ménage, ne doit-il pas être analysé sous l'angle de son incidence sur le comportement procréateur des donneurs d'enfants ? Le confiage ne permettrait-il pas aux ménages (ou individus) d'avoir beaucoup d'enfants sans en sentir la charge, ce qui reculerait au niveau de ces ménages ou individus, l'échéance d'une transition de crise dont il est de plus en plus question ?
Site web : http://www.bibliotheque.refer.org/biblio/chapitres.php?numpubli=62
Le confiage semble très répandu au Burkina Faso. II est pratiqué par toutes les ethnies et touche 11,5% des enfants. Les filles surtout sont touchées par ce phénomène (73,9% de filles contre 9,1% pour les garçons). Un nombre important de ménages participe à cette
transaction. Le phénomène est plus intense dans les villes : près de 27% des ménages urbain accueillent des enfants contre 20% en milieu rural.
Notre analyse montre que le confiage des enfants reste l'affaire du ménage et de la famille plutôt que des individus. Le statut des femmes au sein du ménage joue un râle important dans le conjïage de leurs enfants. Si sur un plan théorique Ia relation entre fécondité et confiage peut êtrefacilement argumentée, cette relation n'est pas toujours confirmée par les données empiriques qui aboutissent parfois à des résultats contre-intuitifs.(Author's modified))Chapitre d'ouvrage
Delcroix, S.; Guillaume, A.
Le devenir de familles affectées par le SIDA: une étude de cas en Côte-d'Ivoire.
1997 - in Pilon, Marc ;Locoh, Thérese ;Vignikin, Emilien ;Vimard, Patrice, Ménages et familles en Afrique, approches des dynamiques contemporaines, Paris, CEPED, N*deg;Les études du CEPED n°15, p. 345-69
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Conditions économiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Rapport de recherche; Réseaux de parenté; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Cote d'Ivoire; Pays en développementRésumé : This work assesses knowledge of the effects of AIDS on the economic and social relations and family solidarity of the individuals affected and analyzes data from a case study in the Ivory Coast. The AIDS epidemic in Africa has occurred in the context of family structures that are changing in response to urbanization and economic crisis, and the appearance of AIDS has accelerated the transformation. Apart from the demographic and economic consequences of AIDS, the network of social relations of persons with AIDS often undergoes significant modification. A multicenter study of the socioeconomic future of children and families affected by HIV/AIDS was conducted in the Ivory Coast, Burundi, and Haiti, three countries with high seroprevalence rates. 120 families with at least one child were followed in the Ivory Coast using a multidisciplinary approach. The households were found to undergo significant modification in the direction of family destructuring, which makes them more vulnerable economically and with regard to the management of daily needs and social life. Women and children were more severely affected by the disease. Women were more likely to be single parents with limited incomes. Widowhood or separation frequently left them in a precarious economic condition. Children suffered psychological problems resulting from the illness or death of their parents and were exposed to the problems of the adults with whom they lived. The living conditions of children orphaned by AIDS or living with surviving seropositive parents were often difficult. Family contributions typically decreased over time. Family assistance still represents a substantial source of help for the ill, but the conviction that the family can resolve all problems is beginning to weaken. The creation of support organizations for AIDS patients and their families would assist them in coping with the effects of the disease.
Notes : French
Chapitre d'ouvrage
UNAIDS
Le Point: le SIDA et les orphelins : une tragédie se déroule sous nos yeux
2004 - in UNAIDS, 2004 Rapport sur l'épidémie mondiale de SIDA 4ème rapport mondial, Genève
Mots clés : ONUSIDA; Orphelins; VIH/SIDANotes : Reproduced by kind permission of UNAIDS; All documents are only relevant up to the date of publication. For up-to-date information, please consult www.unaids.org
Site web : http://www.unaids.org/bangkok2004/GAR2004_html_fr/GAR2004_05_fr.htm#TopOfPageChapitre d'ouvrage
Jonckers, D.
Les enfants confiés
1997 - in Pilon, Marc ;Locoh, Thérèse ;Vignikin, Émilien;Vimard, Patrice, Ménages et Familles en Afrique, approche des dynamiques contemporaines, Paris, CEPED, N*deg;Les études du Ceped n°15, p. 193-208
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Familles; ménages; Placement familial de l'enfant
Pays : AfriqueChapitre d'ouvrage
Pilon, M.; Seidou Mama, M.; Tichit, C.
Les femmes chefs de ménage : aperçu général et études de cas,
1997 - in Pilon, M.;Locoh, T;Vignikin, E.;Vimard, P., Ménages et familles en Afrique. Approches des dynamiques contemporaines, Paris, CEPED, N*deg;Les études du CEPED n°15, p. 167-192
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Chef de ménage; Comportement social; Facteurs démographiques; Famille monoparentale OU Famille à parent unique; Familles; Femme; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; Nuptialité; Population; Recueil de données; Relations de genre; Sources de données
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Bénin; Cameroun; Pays en développementRésumé : This work assesses the prevalence and spread of female-headed households in Africa and presents case studies from Benin and Cameroon to illustrate the different contributions to the study of the problem made possible by a macrodemographic, census-based analysis and a qualitative biographic study at the individual level. The first section discusses the implications of the lack of a standard definition of "female head of household," especially in Africa, where the residential unit does not always coincide with the family unit. Data are few, but overall the proportion of female-headed households in Africa is estimated at around 20%, ranging from 6.5% in Burkina Faso to 45.9% in Botswana. In general, female-headed households are more common in east and southern Africa, but great fluctuations are observed within and between countries. As a rule, the proportions in urban and rural areas differ, with migration and other phenomena sometimes associated with higher prevalence in rural areas. The circumstances resulting in female-headed households are multiple, and their demographic and socioeconomic characteristics are thus highly variable. The average age of female heads is almost always higher than that of male heads and usually exceeds 40 years. The 1979 Benin census showed that the proportion of female household heads increased from 14.2% in 1961 to 20.6% in 1970. The census data demonstrated the great diversity of circumstances of female household heads. Some of the questions suggested by the data demand a more qualitative approach than is possible with census statistics. 35 female household heads interviewed in Yaounde in 1995 included single, married, divorced, and widowed women of all ages, with and without children. The women were employed in salaried positions, as traders, and elsewhere in the informal sector. Lengthy quotations from their survey responses shed light on their perceptions of the transitory or permanent nature of their household status, their view of the largely negative societal perceptions of female-headed households, and their strategies for reconstituting their identities and legitimizing their family and societal position. Such strategies included economic activity, membership in associations of different kinds, and assumption of responsibility for the upbringing of children of their kin.
Notes : Séminaire CEPED-ENSEA-INS-ORSTOM-URD, Lomé (TG), 1995/12/04-09; Français
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Pilon, M.
Les femmes chefs de ménage en Afrique : état des connaissances
1996 - in Bisiliat, J., Femmes du Sud, chefs de famille, Paris, Karthala, p. 235-256
Mots clés : Chef de ménage; composition du ménage; constitution de la famille; Développement social; Données statistiques et numériques; Familles; Femme; ménages; Niveau socio-économique; Nuptialité; Pauvreté; Resencement; Structure familiale
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : Après avoir présenté et discuté le concept de femme "chef de ménage" et à partir des données censitaires disponibles, la communication s'attache à faire un état des connaissances sur ces ménages ayant une femme à leur tête : niveaux et tendances du phénomène, caractéristiques démographiques et socio-économiques des femmes, taille et composition des ménages, conditions d'accès au statut de chef de ménage (par choix ou par circonstances ?), quelle relation avec le processus de développement ? Au-delà du constat général de l'ampleur croissant du phénomène, les résultats publiés révèlent des réalités familiales et économiques extrêmement diverses, dont il est difficile de tirer des généralisations. Concluant sur la nécessité de parfaire notre connaissance sur cette question, l'auteur prône à la fois des analyses plus approfondies des données existantes et de nouvelles voies de recherche, à propos d'un phénomène dont l'intérêt va bien au-delà du contexte actuel de crise (Résultat d'auteur)
Notes : Français
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Gregson, S.; Garnett, G.; Shakespeare, R.; Foster, G.; Anderson, R. M.
Mathematical model simulations and empirical estimates of the impact of HIV-1 on orphanhood in Sub-Saharan Africa. Draft
1994 - in IUSSP, AIDS Impact and Intervention in the Developing World: the Contribution of Demography and the Social Science, based on the seminar organized by the IUSSP Working Group on AIDS, the Fondation Marcel Merieux and the Centre Jacques Cartier, Annecy, 5-9 December 1993, Liege, p. 40
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Modèle mathématique; Modèles théorique; Modèles théoriques; Orphelins; Population; Projection de population; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; Techniques d'estimation
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : Few efforts have been made to quantify the scale and nature of HIV-1 epidemics upon orphanhood patterns in sub-Saharan Africa in the context of broader demographic change. Thus, the authors use mathematical modeling techniques, which combine epidemiological and demographic processes, to examine changes in population composition and orphanhood which would result under three alternative scenarios for an unchecked epidemic within an hypothetical sub-Saharan African population. The scenarios derive from different sets of assumptions regarding rates of sex partner acquisition and patterns of sexual mixing consistent with existing, yet limited, data. The same empirically-based estimates of the biological determinants of the spread and development of HIV-1 are used in each simulation. The composition of each study population changes to a significant degree, including reductions in the proportions of the economically active population accounted for by women and people over 30 years old. An unchecked epidemic is found, however, to have only a small impact upon the standard dependency ratio. Significant deteriorations in the dependency ratio occur over time when people sick with HIV-related diseases are treated as dependents and/or when the denominator is restricted to economically active women alone. Rapid increases in the number of maternal orphans are predicted by all the simulations, beginning 5-10 years after the onset of the epidemic. The total orphan burden could exceed one orphan for every two healthy economically active adult women, with the age distribution of the maternal orphan population being biased toward older children. A comparison of simulation results against empirical data from Uganda and Zimbabwe suggests that the impact of the HIV-1 epidemic upon orphanhood in the two countries remains in its early stages, but that further increases should be expected. Plans to support afflicted communities should be developed and implemented only with an understanding of these current and future changes in population structure.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Pilon, M.
Ménages et familles dans les pays en développement
1997 - in INED;Département des sciences de la population et du développement (Université catholique de Louvain);Dipartimento di Scienze Demografiche (Università degli Studi di Roma " La Sapienza "), Démographie : analyse et synthèse. Causes et conséquences des évolutions démographiques, Actes du séminaire de San Miniato (Pise), 17-19 décembre 1997, Paris, SPED, INED, N*deg;1, p. 121-149.
Mots clés : Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; Recherche sur la famille
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : The author addresses some general issues involved in the study of families and households in developing countries. He discusses the definition of "family" and "household"; theories on the evolution of the family; and the current state of knowledge about households and families in developing countries. (ANNOTATION)
Notes : Séminaire International "Population et Démographie : Problèmes et Politiques", San Miniato (IT), 1997/12/17-19
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Ntozi, J. P.; Ahimbisibwe, F. E.; Odwee, J. O.; Ayiga, N.; Okurut, F. N.
Orphan care: the role of the extended family in northern Uganga
1999 - in Caldwell, J.;Orubuloye, I. O.;Ntozi, J. P., The continuing HIV / AIDS epidemic in Africa: responses and coping strategies, Canberra, Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, p. 225-236
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Analyse de données; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; Prise de décision; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper examines the traditional role of the extended family in orphan care in northern Uganda. The extended family provides much support in looking after orphans, but has been overburdened by the AIDS epidemic with the result that some care is being provided by the older orphans, who are too young for the responsibility. The main problems of orphans are lack of money, inadequate parental care and some mistreatment by the caregivers.
Site web : http://htc.anu.edu.au/html/continuingnew.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
International Federation of Red Cross Red Crescent Societies
Orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS: Appendices
2002 - in IFRC, Orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS : principles and operational guidelines for programming, Geneva, International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, p. 9 p.
Mots clés : Besoins; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Programme; Soins traditionnels; VIH/SIDARésumé : Provides guidelines for National Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies who are working on the front line in the fight against HIV/AIDS, and provides practical suggestions on how they may help communities and families to strengthen their traditional coping mechanisms and meet the challenge of addressing the needs of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS.
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Levine, C.; Michaels, D.; Back, S. D.
Orphans of the HIV AIDS pandemic
1996 - in Mann, J. ;Tarantola, D., AIDS in the world II: global dimensions, social roots, and responses., New York, The Global AIDS Policy Coalition, Oxford University Press, p. 278-86
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; PopulationRésumé : There will be an estimated 5-10 million children orphaned as a result of the global HIV/AIDS pandemic by the year 2000. This large range reflects variations in the parameters and assumptions used in the prediction models, as well as the different definitions of "orphan." Considerable information is available upon the problems faced by these children and by families, communities, and organizations seeking to help them. The following observations about orphans provide the basis for analysis and planning: most orphaned children are not infected with HIV, children orphaned as a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic stress family and community resources and are highly vulnerable, and the problem is serious worldwide. The authors explain where children go upon the death of their parents and describe the burdens of families related to AIDS orphans, and organizational support for orphans.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Gregson, S.; Zaba, B.; Garnett, G.; Anderson, R. M.
Projecting the HIV AIDS epidemic in southern Africa
1997 - in IUSSP, The socio-demographic impact of AIDS in Africa. Based on the conference organized by the Committee on AIDS of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and the University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, 3-6 February 1997, Liege, p. 35 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Projection de population; Rapport de recherche; Revue de la littérature; SIDA; Surmortalité; Techniques d'estimation
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : Data are presented from a search of the US Bureau of the Census's HIV database update for 1996. 295 prevalence estimates were found for the countries of southern Africa, with 50 more estimates found for Kenya. The data are presented for Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, South Africa, Swaziland, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and Kenya. The search found no national estimates based upon community samples; national-level estimates based upon blood donor samples are available only for Lesotho, South Africa, and Zimbabwe; national-level estimates based upon antenatal samples are available for South Africa and Swaziland; more than 60% of the sources are based upon antenatal estimates of selected clinics which are not representative of the entire country; many studies related only to urban areas; and there has been a shift over time from estimates based upon blood donor samples to antenatal samples. Trends in HIV prevalence in the countries of southern Africa and the percent of HIV deaths from infections after survey are displayed together with a discussion of what is needed to project the future of the epidemic and fitting sigmoid curves to observed prevalence levels. The following are projected for Kenya, Zimbabwe, and South Africa out to 2010: HIV incidence, AIDS incidence, crude death rate, orphan incidence, the proportion of death due to HIV-1 infection, population age structure, and population growth, population size, life expectancy, mean age of working population, and maternal orphanhood with and without HIV-1.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Obbo, C.
Reflections on the AIDS orphans problem in Uganda
1993 - in Berer, Marge ;Ray, Sunanda, Women and HIV / AIDS: an international resource book. Information, action and resources on women and HIV / AIDS, reproductive health and sexual relationships, London, Pandora Press, p. 108-9
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; comportement nuptial; Composition de la population; Critique; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Etat matrimonial; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Femme; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Personne sans abri; Population; SIDA; veuve
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : In Uganda, Rakai district has experienced the most suffering from AIDS, and the situation of AIDS orphans is particularly severe. IN 1989, 24,524 orphans (about 13% of all <18-year-old children) lived in Rakai. 30% had neither fathers nor mothers. 48% did not have any fathers. Government officials consider orphans to be children who have no parents, but the communities consider them to be those who have no father or no parents. Considerable poverty limits the ability of extended families to care for these children. Furthermore, individualism, wealth, and personal traits keep some people from being compassionate and willing to share. Most women do not control land and livestock and are not entitled to the labor of their husbands. Thus, widowhood brings on impoverishment and, among AIDS widows, requirements to pay off the debts incurred while caring for their husbands exacerbates this poverty. Extended families best equipped to take on AIDS orphans are those of paternal and maternal aunts and uncles and grandparents <60 years old. Sometimes family friends adopt AIDS orphans. Divorced stepmothers are even caring for AIDS orphans when both parents have died. Many AIDS orphans continue to live on their parents' land and in their dwellings. These families tend to be those with at least 1 girl, who is the eldest child; she cooks, grows food, and even makes thing to raise income. The community helps children-alone families which consist of only boys or a boy as the oldest child. Eventually, these families begin begging. Some communities provide day care centers, food, and volunteers to feed and wash the children. Informal orphanages are fraught with potential risks, including overcrowding and small means. The group, Uganda Women's Efforts to Save Orphans, and Resistance Council members work to meet the orphans' needs. An Orphans Community-Based Organization in Rakai, is proposed to coordinate support and relief assistance.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Pilon, M.; Vignikin, K.
Stratégies face à la crise et changement dans les structures familiales
1996 - in Coussy, J;Vallin, J, Crise et population en Afrique. Crises économiques, politiques d'ajustement et dynamiques démographiques, Paris, CEPED, N*deg;Les Etudes du CEPED n°13, p. 471-494
Mots clés : Crise économique; Economie; Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; Structure familiale
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Locoh, T.
Structures familiales: l'apport de la demographie.
1997 - in Pilon, M.;Locoh, T.;Vignikin, E.;Vimard, P., Menages et familles en Afrique: approches des dynamiques contemporaines., Paris, CEPED, N*deg;Les Etudes du CEPED No. 15, p. 11-29
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de résidence; Composition de la population; Critique; Cycle de vie familiale; Démographie de la famille; Facteurs géographiques; Famille et ménage; ménages; Organisation de vie; Population; Recherche sur la famille
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : French Abstract:
En dépit du rapport évident de la fécondité et d'autres sujets de l'étude démographique à la famille, les démographes ont peu examiné la famille et le ménage. Les statistiques sur les ménages et les unités familiales qu'on obtient dans les recensements et les sondages contribuent dans une façon significative à ce qu'on sait sur les structures des familles africaines. La démographie de la famille s'est développée à un moment spécifique dans l'histoire sociale de la culture européenne et américaine quand la création et l'évolution des familles ont été conditionées par le comportement démographique individuel et plutôt à long terme. Le mariage, vu comme une union pour la vie, a produit une famille d'enfants qui restaient juqsqu'à la maturité. L'approche du cycle de la vie de la famille était basée sur ce modèle, et elle a compris la structure familiale dans des termes de rapports biologiques. Les cycles de la vie de la famille et les conceptions biologiques de la famille ne conforment pas bien à l'étude de la structure de la famille africaine. Des études récentes en Afrique ont démontré que les structures familiales ne sont pas déterminées uniquement par des liens biologiques, mais aussi par des adaptations économiques aux conditions qui changent. Les modèles démographiques sont indispensables pour expliquer quelques aspects des familles africaines, tel que comment le taux net de la reproduction chez les hommes et chez les femmes peut différer à un degré considérable à cause de la polygamie. Les données des recensements et des sondages sur la composition des ménages sont une source riche potentielle d'information, mais elles sont tordues par les définitions eurocentriques de la famille et du ménage. Les démographes ont identifié plusieurs thèmes en Afrique, en tirant des données de recensements et de sondages, qui nécessitent de l'analyse au-delà de l'échelle démographique. Les ménages qui sont gérés par les femmes, les unions sans co-résidence, la pratique d'envoyer les enfants habiter avec les membres de la famille répandue, et la grande proportion d'hommes qui ne sont pas chefs de ménage sont parmi de tels sujets. Les sondages peuvent bien obtenir de l'information sur les structures de ménages, après lequel les ordinateurs peuvent faciliter l'analyse des données.
English Abstract:
Despite the obvious relationship of fertility and other topics of demographic study to the family, demographers have expended relatively little attention on the family and household. The statistics on households and family units gathered in censuses and surveys have been the major contribution of demography to the knowledge of African family structures. Family demography largely developed at a specific and perhaps transitory moment in the social history of European and American culture when the formation and evolution of families was conditioned by individual and relatively long-term demographic behavior. Marriage, regarded as a union for life, gave rise to a family of children who remained until maturity. The family life cycle approach was based on this pattern, and understood family structure in terms of biological relationships. Family life cycles and biological conceptions of the family have not fit the study of African family structure. Recent works in Africa have demonstrated that family structures are not determined solely by biological ties, but also by economic adaptations to changing conditions. Demographic models have been indispensable in explaining some aspects of African families, such as how the net reproduction rate among men and women may vary significantly because of polygamy. Census and survey data on household composition are a rich potential source of information, but have been distorted by Eurocentric definitions of family and household. Demographers have identified several themes in Africa, on the basis of census and survey data, which demand analysis beyond the purely demographic. Female-headed households, unions without co-residence, the custom of sending children to live with extended family members, and the large proportion of adult males who are not household heads are among such topics. The judicious use of surveys allows information to be gathered on household structures efficiently and economically. The computer can be a powerful tool for extending the variety of analyses of census and survey data.Notes : French; Seminaire CEPED-ENSEA-INS-ORSTOM-URD, Lome, 4-8 decembre 1995
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Adegboyega, O.; Ntozi, J. P.; Ssekamatte-Ssebuliba, J. B.
The African family: data, concepts and methodology
1997 - in Adepoju, Aderanti. (ed.), Family, population and development in Africa, London, England, Zed Books, London, England, p. 25-40
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Analyse démographique; Anthropologie; Caractéristiques de résidence; Composition de la population; Facteurs géographiques; Famille et ménage; Logement; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Qualité des données; Rapport condensé; Sciences sociales
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : This book chapter analyzes the availability of reliable data in Africa. It concludes that existing data sets in many African countries can provide insights; however, family specific studies are needed. Most data analysis pertains to the household and quantitative analysis, when the household and family may not be synonymous. Some studies are suited to either quantitative or qualitative designs, while other studies are amenable to either method. Few studies combine different designs to enhance understanding of the family unit. Anthropological studies became available in the early 1900s. These studies were mainly ethnographic studies of family systems and lacked value neutrality. New studies in the 1950s, recognized African institutions as valid and not evolving toward a European model. A variety of censuses were conducted for administrative and official records. In the 1960s, census information provided data on families and family forms. Surveys have proliferated during the 1980s and 1990s. Families rarely live together over their entire life cycle, but members usually belong to the family even after they die. Household members do not continually live under the same roof. There are a variety of household and family types. Most family data can be obtained from surveys, censuses, and vital records. Changes in families must also take into account the status of women. There is little reliable data on divorce, occupation, industry, and informal sector activity, or on the economic circumstances of families for most African countries, especially refugees or the displaced. There is little qualitative data on housing and environmental conditions.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Butkus-Ndazapo, A.
The Early Childhood Development Programme and OVC in Namibia
2001 - in Caplan, P., First National Conference on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children - Full report, Windhoek, Namibia, Ministry of Health and Social Services, Directorate of Developmental Social Welfare Services, p. 50-1
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Conférences et congrès; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Namibie; Pays en développementRésumé : Adelheid Butkus-Ndazapo, of Namibia's Ministry of Women's Affairs and Child Welfare (MWACW) notes that her ministry has been following the situation of orphans since it took over the national early childhood development program from the Ministry of Regional and Local Government and Housing (MRLGH). To address the fact that HIV/AIDS was contributing to a dramatic rise in orphan numbers in Namibia, the MRLGH had initiated a pilot orphan-program in Omusati and Ohangwena regions. It is noted that the communities in the pilot regions were found to have different strategies to assist OVC. Thus, the MWACW must ascertain the total number of OVC in the country so that it can recommend ways and means to deal with the crisis posed by their growing numbers.
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/3557_fhi_ovcnamibia.pdfChapitre d'ouvrage
Menon, Rekha; Wawer, M. J.; Konde-Lule, J. K.; Sewankambo, N. K.; Li, C.
The economic impact of adult mortality on households in Rakai district, Uganda
1998 - in European Commission;World Bank, Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the developing World, Brussels, Washington D.C., European Commission, p. 16 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques du ménage; étude; études; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; ménages; Mortalité adulte; Niveau socio-économique; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; OugandaRésumé : This study assesses the economic impact of adult mortality on households in the Rakai district in southwestern Uganda. An issue of concern, especially in the case of the AIDS epidemic, is the impact of a 'shock' to the household due to the death of an economically active adult. Available empirical evidence regarding this is very sparse, especially in the case of the demographic impact of adult mortality on household composition and socioeconomic status indicators (e.g., ownership of durable goods).
Site web : http://www.iaen.org/limelette/pdfs/confront_aids_chapter_15.pdf
The death of an economically active adult may result in changes in household size and composition and a decline in the household's socioeconomic status. In response to the 'shock' of fatal adult illness like HIV/AIDS, households may liquidate their assets to pay for medical treatment and funeral costs.
Using information regarding adult mortality in households between 1989 and 1992 in the Rakai district of Uganda, this study attempts to provide a better understanding of the impact of an adult death on a household's composition, size, and economic status. (Author's)Chapitre d'ouvrage
Ntozi, J. P.; Ahimbisibwe, F. E.; Ayiga, N.; Odwee, J. O.; Okurut, F. N.
The effect of the AIDS epidemic on widowhood in northern Uganda
1999 - in Caldwell, J.;Orubuloye, I. O. ;Ntozi, J. P., The continuing HIV / AIDS epidemic in Africa: responses and coping strategies,, Canberra, Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, p. 211-224
Mots clés : Dynamique de la population; Enquêtes; Etat matrimonial; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Femme; Homme; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mariage; Méthodologie de recherche; migration; Modèles de mariage; Nuptialité; Population; Rapport de recherche; Remariage; SIDA; veuve
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper uses data from a survey in northern Uganda to examine the situation of widowers and widows in the era of AIDS. A high level of widowhood was observed, almost a third being caused by AIDS. Widowhood was more prevalent among women than men. More than one-third of the widows and widowers had remarried or acquired new sexual partners mainly for procreation. Widows also remarried or acquired new sexual partners because they looked healthy. However, the husbands of more than one-third of them had died of AIDS. There were few movements of widowers and widows due to AIDS. Those who had migrated had more children. Other determinants of migration of widows and widowers were age, district of origin and having had children. (author's)
Notes : English
Chapitre d'ouvrage
Bechu, N.
The impact of AIDS on the economy of families in Cote d'Ivoire: change in consumption among AIDS-affected households
1998 - in European Commission;World Bank, Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the developing World, Brussels, European Commission, EU HIV/AIDS programme in developing countries, p. 8 p.
Mots clés : Consommation familiale; Economie familiale; ménages; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Cote d'IvoireRésumé : Editor's note: The survey analysed below by Nathalie Béchu was part of a larger study of 600 households in Burundi and Haiti as well as Côte d'Ivoire. Households were selected into the sample after being identified by one of three index health facilities as containing an adult with AIDS. At least one adult in the survey households was ill with AIDS and had charge of one or more children. The objective was to analyse the changes in the living conditions of these households as the illness progressed and when the ill person died.
From among the 200 households studied in Côte d'Ivoire, 120 were followed over a period of 20 months, and 107 households were followed through to the end of the study period. So the data below derive from 107 households. Beginning seven and a half months after they were first recruited, the households were interviewed six times at two- month intervals.
Household size varied from two to 16 people, with an average of 6.3 people (though the average dropped from 6.6 to 5.9 from beginning to end of the project). Eighty- seven households were in urban areas and 20 in semi-rural, and 62 of those who were ill were men; 45, women. Eighty-three of those who were ill were still living by the end of the survey period, and 24 had died.
The survey was part of a research programme coordinated by the Centre International d'Enfance and cofinanced by the Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDAand the French Ministry of Cooperation and Develop-ment. ORSTROM and the University of Côte d'Ivoire collaborated in the study. This edited extract is from the full paperChapitre d'ouvrage
Phiri, S.; Webb, D.
The Impact of HIV/AIDS on Orphans and Programme and Policy Responses
2002 - in Cornia., Giovanni Andrea, AIDS, Public Policy and Child Well-Being, Florence, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre
Mots clés : Bien être de l'enfant; orphelin; Politique publique; Priorités politiques; Programme; Réponses politiques; SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : As policy makers assess the growing weight of the orphan and children affected by AIDS burden, there are key policy challenges apparent. These challenges relate to (1) reaching consensus on policy related definitions of orphans and vulnerable children, (2) the emergence and
realisation of rights based approaches to programming for orphans and vulnerable children, (3) the explication and scaling up of 'good' practices in supporting orphans and vulnerable children, (4) effective flow of 'resources to the base' and finally (5) mobilising political will. These
challenge overlap and interrelate, but constitute the key constraints on widespread and effective responses. The synergy needed between community-rooted responses and international and national political will is slowly emerging but is still fundamentally absent. Policy priorities relate to resources primarily, and the balance between community mobilised resources and external financing and intervention. This balance will vary from place to place and current operational research can provide an understanding of economic realities to be combined with the emerging ethical and principle based ethos of programmers. Addressing the psychosocial welfare elements of orphans and children in affected communities is now a matter of urgency. The cycle of infection will be exacerbated by young people growing up in contexts where mental ill health is rife, combined with feelings of isolation, despair and social disenfranchisement. The responses required are in themselves not complex, but are needed at such an unprecedented scale that we are only starting to comprehend the implications. While constraints remain in the form of chronic and deepening poverty, capacity limitations and political indifference at all levels, the challenges facing themselves have never been greater.Notes : Chapter 15
Site web : http://www.amicaall.org/publications/interest/childwellbeingchpt15.pdfChapitre d'ouvrage
Kapwepwe, M.
The OVC situation in SADC countries
2001 - in Caplan, P., First National Conference on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children, Windhoek, Namibia, 8-10 May 2001, Windhoek, p. 52-3
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Conférences et congrès; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Mulenga Kapwepwe, a consultant on orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) from Zambia, gives a brief overview of the OVC situation throughout the South African Development Community (SADC) region and other African countries. It is noted that HIV/AIDS and poverty are the two main factors leading to orphanhood and vulnerability among children in all 12 SADC countries. Thus, the region is in a crisis both economically and because of the HIV/AIDS epidemic. Kapwepwe presents the challenges articulated at the Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Workshop on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children conducted in Lusaka, Zambia on November 5-8, 2000. These include: 1) placing the OVC issue on the leadership agenda; 2) better care for families and caregivers; 3) expanding the number and quality of OVC support organizations; 4) expanding the role of schools and education systems; and 5) strengthening child, family and community participation in OVC program development.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Kapwepwe, M.
The OVC situation in Zambia
2001 - in Caplan, P., First National Conference on Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children, Windhoek, Namibia, 8-10 May 2001., Windhoek, p. 33-42
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Conférences et congrès; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : Mulenga Kapwepwe, a consultant in Zambia, attempts to give a comprehensive overview of the situation of orphans and other vulnerable children (OVC) in Zambia by describing the Zambian response to the situation over the past decade. It is noted that the impact of HIV/AIDS on Zambia's children was becoming visible in the increasing number of children not attending school, not receiving proper nutrition, and not accessing health care. As a response, families and communities were in the front line of the impact of HIV/AIDS and poverty on children. There was also an urgent need for Zambia's government to provide policy and leadership, but due to budgetary constraints, the government was slow to react to the problem. In addition, nongovernmental organizations and community-based organizations were not able to produce a coherent, collaborative, and well-documented response to the crisis facing children in Zambia. Thus, an important lesson learned was that when it comes to developing practical interventions, it is best left to the communities to identify who is an orphan, who is vulnerable, and who requires what assistance. In addition, the OVC issue requires the formation of partnerships and a multi-sectoral response, involving all sectors, including religious and agricultural organizations and the private sector.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Bledsoe, C.
The politics of children: fosterage and the social management of fertility among the Mende of Sierra Leone
1990 - in Handwerker, W. Penn, Births and power: social change and the politics of reproduction, Boulder, Colorado, Westview Press, p. 81-100
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille et ménage; Jeunesse; Parents; Population; Relations familiales; Relations interpersonnelles
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; Sierra LeoneRésumé : This article examines child fosterage among the Mende of Sierra Leone as a way of managing family size and composition. Data are drawn from a 1981-1982 ethnographic study in a Mende town of about 4400 in Sierra Leone, and from a return trip to 1985 to a larger town in Sierra Leone. Open-ended interviews, participant observation, case studies, and family genealogies provide qualitative data. There are 2 primary sources of quantitative data. 1 is a 1982 survey containing information about all the children born to 165 women aged 18-49 in the survey households and about children for whom they were caring. A 1985 survey was also conducted in a larger town of about 35,000. It is based on interviews with about 852 women aged 15-60 in selected households. Fosterage is a strategy by which parents try to send their children to more powerful or civilized guardians who elevate foster children to their own socioeconomic level. If the guardians see great potential in the child, they may send him or her up to their own high status patrons. In the author's survey, 27.8% of children aged 6-10 were fostered out, as were 45.9% of the children 11-15. Parents lose their own child's labor, but they replace it by accepting guardianship of children from less developed homes. Both biological parents and foster parents can claim benefits from successful children in the future. Parents are constantly reassessing their children and adjusting their relationships to them. Children showing promise are invested in more heavily than those children heading for failure. Because birth is just the beginning of a series of negotiations for claims on children as investments, parents cannot plan in advance their strategy to limit fertility.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlChapitre d'ouvrage
Antoine, P.; Guillaume, A.
Une expression de la solidarité familiale a Abidjan: enfants du couple et enfants confiés.
1984 - in AIDELF, Les Familles d'aujourd'hui: démographie et évolution récente des comportements familiaux. Colloque de Genève (17-20 septembre 1984)., Paris, France, p. 289-298.
Mots clés : Adoption; Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Comportement; Comportement social; Composition de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Etudes de cas; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Garde de l'enfant; Jeunesse; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Population Urbaine
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Cote d'Ivoire; Pays en développementRésumé : The author examines the practice of fostering children in traditional African societies using a case study of Abidjan, Ivory Coast. The circulation of children among residences other than their place of birth and its impact on the structure of the urban population are discussed. Residence and family characteristics of households with foster children are described using data from a 1978 survey. (ANNOTATION)
Notes : French
OuvrageCongrès
Ottenweller, M. R.
African network for children orphaned or at risk (ANCHOR)
2004, Paper submitted for the XV International AIDS Conference, 2004, Bangkok
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Communautés; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Partenariat public-privé; Participation communautaire; Programme; Programme SIDA; Réseaux d'entraide; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Issue - Public-private partnerships are desperately needed to scale-up care and support for orphans and vulnerable children in Africa. But how many successful programs have been established? What are the benefits and constraints? Do these partnerships really work? What are their outputs?
Description - The ANCHOR Partnership has been established between HOPE worldwide, Rotary Fellowship to Fight AIDS of Rotary International, Coca-Cola, Emory School of Public Health and Nursing and the International AIDS Trust to scale-up existing community OVC are and support programs in Africa. "Best Practice" Models of the HOPE worldwide and other community AIDS programs have utilized. The partners have begun work in South Africa, Kenya, Nigeria and the Ivory Coast. Plans to scale up efforts in 8 other countries have been established. The five year goal of the partnership is the care and support of 600,000 OVC in Africa.
Lessons Learned -
1. Partnerships must be mutually supportive and beneficial to all the partners utilizing their special skills
2. Roles and responsibilities must be carefully defined
3. Partners in Africa (HOPE worldwide, Rotary Fellowship to Fight AIDS of Rotary International, and Coca-Cola) must be closely linked to and communicate directly with US-based partners (IAT and Emory
4. PLWHAs and partners with existing community AIDS programs must establish the community framework for OVC activities.
5. These community partners must work towards community HIV competency regarding OVC care and support through extensive community mobilisation
Recommendations
1. "Best Practice" Models for public - private partnerships must be established and promoted.
2. Partnerships must have local community linkages with existing care and support networks (i.e. HOPE worldwide has 30 existing community programs in Africa).
3. Program priorities, goals, and targets must be set in each community by the local PLWHAs and community partners
4. The ANCHOR partnership should be rapidly scaled up in Africa and other sites around the world as soon as possibleNotes : Poster Exhibition
Site web : http://www.iasociety.org/abstract/show.asp?abstract_id=2167827Congrès
Hunter, S.
AIDS orphans, parental deaths, and the progress of the AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa
1991, Paper presented at Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, Washington DC
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs politiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Guerre; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Plan de santé et de bien-être; Planification sociale; Population; Problèmes sociaux; SIDA; Taux de mortalité; Techniques d'estimation
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Inadequate vital registration systems and incomplete censuses have impeded estimates of the extent of acquired immunodeficiency syndromes (AIDS) adult mortality and consequent orphanhood in sub-Saharan Africa. To define the number, status, and needs of vulnerable children in Uganda, a study was sponsored by Save the Children Fund and the Rockefeller Foundation, in collaboration with the Ministry of Relief and Social Rehabilitation, Ministry of Planning and Economic Development, and Makerere University. An orphan was defined as a child with 1 or both parents dead or missing due to ware, dislocation, or AIDS. 4 districts were selected for analysis: Rakai and Masaka (the districts estimated to have the largest numbers of children orphaned by AIDS), Luwero (the district affected most by recent war), and Hoima (with the lowest number of AIDS cases reported in Uganda and little history of war). Numbers of orphans were obtained from official village reports and field surveys and increased by 5% to correct for underenumeration. The survey suggests that, in 1989, there were 25,364 orphans in Rakai, 22,051 in Masaka, 16,575 in Luwero, and 9.254 in Hoima; these children represented 12.8%, 4.9%, 5.6%, and 4.4% respectively, of the district's population under 18 years of age. Although political factors impeded tabulation of the cause of orphanhood, the relative recency of parental deaths in Rakai and Masaka, the tendency for both parents to be dead in these districts, and high seroprevalence rates suggest that AIDS is the major cause of orphanhood there. 30% of orphans in both Rakai and Masaka are being cared for by grandparents. These findings show that the AIDS epidemic varies in impact from area to area, and can be used to target areas in need of social support to meet the burden of caring for orphans.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlCongrès
Opolot, S. J.
Are Africa's AIDS orphans the wretched of this earth? Response and capacity of local government in Uganda
2000, Presented at the Workshop on "HIV / AIDS Orphans: Building an Urban Response to Protect Africa's Future", Centre for Policy Studies, New Doornfontein, South Africa, Unpublished
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Critique; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs politiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; procuration des soins à domicile; Programmes gouvernementaux; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : The reality of AIDS orphans could reach crisis levels in Africa. Unless radical measures to cure AIDS are put in place, the orphan crisis will worsen even in countries such as Uganda that show a declining incidence of HIV infections. This paper argues that only good leadership, good governance and a benevolent global economic and pharmaceutical regime can stop HIV/AIDS. After an introduction, the second section provides background to the HIV/AIDS pandemic, the state of health services delivery and the magnitude of Uganda's AIDS orphans crisis. The nature of local government, its relationship to health service delivery, and its responses to AIDS orphans are discussed in the third section. The fourth section discusses ways of enhancing the capacity of local governments to manage HIV/AIDS as a basis for alternative ways to solving the orphan crisis. Finally, the fifth section presents some tentative conclusions.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlCongrès
Nampanya-Serpell, N.
Children orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Zambia: Social and Economic Risk Factors of Premature Parental Death
2001, Paper presented at the conference: Orphans and Vulnerable Children in Africa: Victims or vestiges of hope 13-16 September 2001, Uppsala, Suède, p. 28 p.
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Communautés; Education; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Famille et ménage; Impact; Mortalité; orphelin; Population rurale; Population Urbaine; Santé; SIDA; Troubles mentaux
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; ZambieRésumé : Zambia is among the countries in sub-Saharan Africa most seriously affected by the HIV/AIDS pandemic. An estimated 40,000-90,000 AIDS-related deaths would have occurred by the end of 2000. At the beginning of the epidemic in the mid-80s and early 90s, the majority of AIDS-related deaths in the adult population occurred among men in the age group 20- 45 years. A period when they were at their most productive. Loss of the breadwinners had an immense economic and financial impact on widows, their children and other dependants from the extended family. This study of the economic impact of the AIDS pandemic at household level in Zambia investigated risk and protective factors in rural and urban communities associated with the impact of premature death of the breadwinner on the livelihood of their surviving spouses, dependent children, as well as wider circle of their extended family. Retrospective data were collected from households in which one or both parents died from AIDS between 1991 and 1995. Structured interviews were conducted with 223 urban and 101 rural families in low-income neighborhoods. In the urban sample, family displacement from original home which had been provided through the job of the breadwinner, was highly predictive of a shift for the surviving family to poorer housing with most families losing electricity or piped water supply and experiencing food shortages. In the rural sample, the loss of adult labor forced families to withdraw older children from school to help maintain current levels of food production. Educational continuity was most severely jeopardized in the urban sample for children of lowincome families and girls. In both urban and rural zones, age was the principal factor predictive of nutritional and health status in AIDS-affected families, with younger children the most vulnerable. Implications are discussed for the design of services to reach children and families with the greatest needs. Intervention strategies should be carefully adjusted to respond to the rural and urban differences and to the ecological, social and economic conditions of each community.
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000104e00.pdfCongrès
Edorh, A.
Conditions de vie des enfants et des femmes chefs de ménage
2002, Enfants d'aujourd'hui, diversité des contextes, pluralités des parcours, Colloque international de Dakar, Sénégal, Association Internationale des Démographes de Langue Française, A I D E L F, p. 11 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Condition féminine; Conditions de logement; Conditions de vie; Conditions socio-économiques; Enfant; Enfants; Famille et ménage; Femme chef de ménage
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : La présente communication vise à déterminer les conditions de vie des enfants selon le type de ménage qu'il soit dirigé par un homme ou par une femme. Est considéré comme "enfant" tout membre du ménage ayant au plus dix huit ans. Les conditions de vie des enfants s'analyseront selon :
- les caractéristiques de l'habitat (matériaux de construction, sanitaire, accès à l'eau potable, promiscuité) et de l'équipement des ménages (moyen de déplacement et de communication);
- le type de ménage auquel ils appartiennent, le nombre d'enfants dans le ménage, le niveau d'instruction, et le statut d'activité des parents biologiques qui en ont la charge ;
- la prise en charge, la scolarisation et le comportement sexuel des enfants.(Auteur)Congrès
Pilon, M.
Confiage et scolarisation en Afrique de l'Ouest: éclairages à partir des sources de données démographiques
2005, Communication présentée au Congrès international de la population, Séance N°751: Scolarisation et changements démographiques, Tours, France, p. 18 p.
Mots clés : Placement familial de l'enfant; Scolarisation
Pays : Afrique de l'OuestRésumé : Sur la base des données issues d'enquêtes démographiques et socio-économiques, et à l'échelle de l'Afrique de l'Ouest, la présente communication vise à présenter un état de la connaissance concernant les relations entre confiage et scolarisation.
Congrès
Mboussou, F.; Mkaya, J.; Dzalamou M.; Bansimba, T.; Salami, L.; Ambendet, A.; Puruehnce, M.F.
Evaluation du retentissement psychosocial du Sida chez les orphelins à Brazzaville
2002 - in AIDELF, Communication présentée au Colloque international de Dakar: Enfants d'aujourd'hui, diversité des contextes, pluralité des parcours, 10-13 décembre 2002, Dakar, p. 7 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Impact psychosocial; Orphelins; Protection sociale; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; République démocratique du CongoRésumé : Au Congo, on estime le nombre d'enfants ayant perdus leurs parents à cause du Sida à 53.000 (Unaids, 2000). Les orphelins du Sida représentent 46,5% des orphelins de toute cause. Ce pourcentage passera de 53,4% en 2005 et à 58,8% en 2010 (S. Hunter and J.WILLIAMSON, 2000).
Le but de ce travail est d'évaluer l'ampleur de ce phénomène à Brazzaville et d'apprécier la répercussion psychosociale de la perte des parents chez l'enfant. Ceci dans le but de planifier les interventions permettant d'assurer la protection sociale des enfants rendus orphelins par le V.I.H/SIDA. Ce travail est une des activités du projet « prise en charge des orphelins du SIDA à Brazzaville » de l'ONG Médecins d'Afrique financé par la Représentation de l'UNICEF au Congo. (Auteur)Congrès
Aubourg, D E.
Expanding the first line of defense: community-based institutional care for orphans
2004, abstract submitted for The XV International AIDS Conference 2004, Bangkok, Thailand
Mots clés : Communautés; Enfant vulnérable; Famille élargie; Institution; orphelin; Protection de l'enfant; SIDA; Soins à domicile; Soins aux orpheins Basés sur la communauté
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Ouganda; ZambieRésumé : Issues:The emerging consensus is that extended families and communities are the first line of defense in the orphan crisis and that: 1) families are almost always the best place for the child; 2) primary interventions should be centered on building the capacities of families to care for orphans and; 3) residential orphan care is the least desirable option for children because "orphan care institutions" are inherently "anti-community". As a result, institutional care is increasingly under scrutiny and has been branded the "last resort" in a spectrum of interventions for orphans and vulnerable children.
Description: This study examines community-based orphan care institutions: organizations with temporary or permanent residential programs for orphans and other vulnerable children that incorporate in their overall objectives both a commitment to developing the child as well as supporting orphans and their families in communities. Drawing from the strengths of two seemingly competing models of orphan care, these institutions provide residential care but also organize volunteer committees to care for orphans, income-generating projects and employ other community-based interventions. The study examines case from Zambia, Kenya and Uganda.
Lessons Learned: In addition to serving as anchors in their communities, these institutions are havens for the most vulnerable children (e.g. street children) where the extended family and community fall short. Furthermore, since they offer residential care, they are an additional layer of a fragile social safety net for children who are temporarily or permanently without family care.
Recommendations: As the AIDS epidemic expands and the orphan crisis worsens, community-based orphan care institutions will serve as key actors. We must support these institutions and encourage traditional orphanages to adopt some of these community-centered practices. We must also identify sustainable and cost effective "better" practices of institutional care for the most vulnerable children. (Author's)Notes : Poster Exhibition
Site web : http://www.iasociety.org/abstract/show.asp?abstract_id=2167387Congrès
Civil-Military Alliance to Combat HIV and AIDS
HIV AIDS cultural risk factors: the Uganda experience
1995 - in edited by Rodger Yeager. Hanover, New Hampshire, paper presented at the conference on AIDS prevention in military populations. Proceedings of an Africa Regional Training Seminar, Harare, Zimbabwe, Civil-Military Alliance to Combat HIV and AIDS (CAM), p. 2 p.
Mots clés : Facteurs politiques; Gouvernement; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Personnel militaire; Politique de développement; Prévention du Sida
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper reports the response of the Ugandan government to the cultural barriers to HIV/AIDS prevention. HIV prevalence in Uganda is estimated at over 8%. Approximately 80% of HIV transmission is through heterosexual contact, 10% through mother-child contact, and 8% through infected blood and blood products. As a response, the government established the National AIDS Control Program in 1987, and the Uganda AIDS Commission was established in 1990 to coordinate all HIV/AIDS prevention and control activities. A multisectoral approach was employed, policies formulated and implemented on use of condoms, on discrimination against AIDS patients, on HIV testing, and on care for AIDS orphans. The military sector was also mobilized to help in this problem. Despite the effort, there are still several unresolved issues concerning HIV and the military population.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlCongrès
Fleming, P.; Gerland, P.; Weinreb, A.
HIV prevalence and orphan household distribution in a rural Malawi district
2006, paper submitted at the Annual meeting of Population Association of America, Los Angeles, p. 13 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; étude; études; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; orphelin; Orphelinage; Parents; Prévalence; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; MalawiRésumé : Orphanhood, already relatively common in sub-Saharan Africa prior to AIDS, is now increasingly so. According to UNAIDS estimates, one in nine sub-Saharan African children under 15 years of age lost a parent in 2001 (UNAIDS). Given the transmission of HIV from one spouse to another, there is also an increase in the prevalence of "double orphans", that is, those without any living biological parents.
Site web : http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61065
This growth in the orphan population has generated considerable interest among researchers, leading to considerable progress in identifying and resolving problems related to the measurement of orphans, the first step towards accurately diagnosing the scale of the orphanhood phenomenon, and its broader socioeconomic effects (Bicego et al 2003; Grassley et al 2004; Monasch and Boerma 2004; Zaba et al 2005).1 But the missing piece in this emerging literature is related to the distribution of orphans. We cannot yet say, in any systematic way, how orphans are fostered, by whom, under what circumstances, with which siblings, at what age, and so on.
Answering these questions-or at least beginning the process-is our key aim in this paper. We use a variety of sources of data from Malawi, a country whose HIV prevalence is estimated at 14.2% (Population Reference Bureau, 2005). Specifically, we draw on a household survey-including geocodes collected in 2004 (by recording household longitudes and latitudes with handheld Global Position System [GPS] units)-data on respondent's HIV status, orphan rosters maintained by village chiefs, and qualitative interviews from a rural district in central Malawi. Analysis proceeds in three stages.
First, we explore issues related to the care and distribution of orphans that emerge from qualitative interviews. Second, we compare the prevalence and distribution of households containing orphans with HIV prevalence by village as well as living arrangements of orphans. We also explore orphan prevalence by variance in household material composition, age and gender of head of household, and HIV prevalence by village to better understand how adult mortality related to AIDS may play a role in orphan distribution. Third, drawing on the GPS data, we explore the spatial distribution of orphans, comparing it to the spatial distribution of other factors including HIV prevalence and the availability of a range of development-related infrastructure. We conclude by considering a number of methodological issues that arise from the analysis, focusing in
particular on survey designs that could improve the identification of and reporting of orphans and their residential arrangements amongst populations with high HIV/AIDS prevalence. (Autho'rs modified)Congrès
Nyangaran, F.
Individual, Household, and Community Factors Associated with Child Vulnerabilities in HIV/AIDS Affected Countries
2006, Paper submitted at the conference of Population Association of America, Los Angeles
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Analyse multivariée; Caractéristiques de résidence; Communautés; Education; Effets d'âge; Enquête démographique et de santé; Etat nutritionnel; ménages; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Pauvreté; Population Urbaine; Santé; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; MozambiqueRésumé : The high burden of HIV/AIDS has contributed to the drastic increase of orphans and children made vulnerable due to weakened household and community support systems due to the disease. This paper examines the relationship between individual, household, and community factors and child vulnerabilities in two Sub-Saharan Africa countries with high HIV/AIDS prevalence rates. The understanding of these vulnerability factors is important and will allow policymakers to focus resources to the most vulnerable. Data from the Demographic and Health surveys (DHS) for two countries, Mozambique (2004) and Kenya (2003) were used for the analysis. The findings from this study show that in both countries, sub-region, residence, and household socioeconomic status are key vulnerability factors that are associated with child outcomes in education, health, and nutritional status. A multivariate analysis shows that controlling for other factors, some sub-regions, urban residence, poverty, and individual factors including age and sex continue to contribute to child vulnerabilities.
Site web : http://paa2006.princeton.edu/abstractViewer.aspx?submissionId=60472Congrès
Le Pape, M.; Pilon, M.
L'évolution des formes domestiques en temps de crise (situations africaines)
1997, Papier présenté à la conférence: Comportement des Ménages et des Acteurs Sociaux face à une sévère Régression de leurs Revenus, Atelier Ménages et Crise, Marseille, ORSTOM, CEDERS, p. 12 p.
Mots clés : Crise économique; Démographie; Economie; ménages; revenu
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Congrès
Messan A.
Le placement des enfants dans un contexte de crise au Togo
2002, Communication présentée au colloque international de Dakar: Enfants d'aujourd'hui, diversité des contextes, pluralité des parcours, 10-13 décembre 2002, Dakar, p. 7 p.
Mots clés : Conditions de vie; Confiage d'enfant; Confiage d'enfants; Enfant; Enfant confié; Enfants; Enfants confiés; Exploitation; Familles; Placement familial de l'enfant; solidarité familiale
Pays : Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; TogoRésumé : Dans la présente communication, nous nous proposons d'apporter quelques éléments de réponse aux questions suivantes : Quelle est l'ampleur du mouvement des enfants confiés au Togo ? Quels sont les flux de ces mouvements ? Quelles sont les conditions de vie des familles qui envoient et qui reçoivent les enfants confiés ? Quelle signification faut-il donner à la pratique actuelle du placement des enfants au Togo ? Cette pratique répond-elle toujours aux normes d'expression de solidarité familiale ou bien est-elle en train de prendre la seule forme d'exploitation des enfants ? (Auteur)
Notes : Colloque organisé par l'AIDELF
Congrès
Nkouika-Dinghani-Nkita, G.
Les déterminants du phénomène des enfants de la rue à Brazzaville
2002 - in AIDELF, Communication présentée au Colloque International de Dakar: Enfants d'aujourd'hui, diversité des contextes, pluralités des parcours10-13 décembre 2002, Dakar, p. 9 p.
Mots clés : Enfants des rues
Pays : Afrique Centrale; Afrique subsaharienne; République démocratique du CongoRésumé : L'intérêt de se pencher sur les enfants de la rue est double, à la fois pratique et scientifique. Sur le plan scientifique, l'insuffisance des travaux sur le Congo, l'actualité du phénomène des enfants de la rue et le développement de la pauvreté justifient une réflexion approfondie sur le sujet. Au-delà de l'intérêt scientifique, les perspectives de solutions durables au phénomène des enfants de la rue exigent que soit imaginée une série de stratégies opératoires construites à partir des données concrètes.
Pour contribuer à faire avancer la réflexion sur la question dans cette optique et sans porter un jugement de valeur, nous retenons, dans le cadre de la présente communication, une approche qui privilégie la compréhension et l'explication du phénomène en répondant à la question pourquoi, certains enfants se retrouvent -ils et demeurent dans la rue ?
Cette communication a été rédigée à partir des données collectées, en janvier 2000, auprès 778 enfants de la rue à Brazzaville, par une équipe des chercheurs scientifiques de l'Union pour l'Etude et la Recherche sur la Population (UERPOD) grâce l'appui financier de l'Organisation des nations Unies pour l'éducation, la science et la culture (UNESCO Brazzaville).
L'analyse des déterminants du phénomène des enfants de la rue à Brazzaville montre qu'il est difficile de séparer les différents facteurs qui sont d'ailleurs interdépendants, s'entremêlent et s'auto-entretiennent. Avant de présenter les axes d'une alternative à la situation des enfants de la rue à Brazzaville, notre communication focalise son attention sur le décès des parents, les facteurs liés au fonctionnement des unités familiales, l'entretien du phénomène par les parents, les autres facteurs socio-économiques et l'incapacité des structures de prise en charge pour mieux mettre en évidence les responsabilités familiale et sociale dans le développement et l'entretien du phénomène des enfants de la rue. (Auteur)Congrès
Noumbissi, A.; Zuberi, T.
Les enfants orphelins en Afrique du Sud entre le rue et les ménages "élargis
2002 - in AIDELF, Communication présentée au Colloque international de Dakar: Enfants d'aujourd'hui, diversité des contextes, pluralités des parcours 10-13 décembre 2002, Dakar, p. 16 p.
Mots clés : Arrangement résidentiel; Conditions de vie; Enfant; Enfants; Enfants des rues; Famille élargie; ménages; Mortalité adulte; orphelin
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Il est estimé qu'en Afrique du Sud, la proportion des enfants de moins de 15 ans dont la mère ou le père est décédé est passée de 4,3% en 1990 à 5 en 1995 et à près de 10 % en 2000.
La présente communication se focalisera sur les arrangements résidentiels des enfants ayant déclarés le decès de leur mère et/ou de leur père en Afrique du Sud. Après avoir mis en évidence les limites liées à la qualité des données, nous examinerons les conditions de vie des enfants (définis ici comme personnes âgées de moins de 15 ans) en relation avec la survie des parents. Quelle est l'importance de la présence des enfants orphelins dans la société sud africaine ? Y-a-t-il une variation spatiale et une différentiation selon le sexe et le groupe racial des parents ? Quels sont les facteurs associés aux arrangements résidentiels des enfants en fonction de la survie de leurs parents? Où et avec qui vivent les enfants ? Y a-t-il une différentiation selon le sexe et le milieu d'habitat ? Telles sont les questions que cette communication se propose d'aborder. L'Afrique du Sud constitue un pays multiracial où cohabitent plusieurs modèles culturels et démographiques. L'analyse comparée de ces modèles peut non seulement éclairer les actions politiques dans ce pays, mais également engendrer des hypothèses pouvant guider la recherche dans d'autres pays africains. (Auteur)Congrès
Yamano, T.
Long-Term Impacts of Orphanhood on Education Attainments and Land Inheritance among Adults in Rural Kenya
2006, Paper submitted at the Conference of the Population Association of America 2006, Los Angeles, p. 34 p.
Mots clés : Héritage de la terre, héritage foncier; Orphelins; Scolarité; VIH/SIDA
Pays : KenyaRésumé : Few studies have investigated the impacts of orphan status into adulthood. This paper estimates the impacts of past orphan status into adulthood by using a rural household survey in Kenya in 2004. We identify past orphan status by asking ages of household members when they lost parents, if they have. We compare two stock variables that parents provide to their children in rural areas, education and land, between former orphans and non-orphans. Among men aged 20-60, we find that former maternal orphans have lower school attainments and sizes of inherited land than former non-orphans. This relationship does not hold among former paternal orphans. The results of this study have policy implications for current orphans.
Site web : http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=60759Congrès
Hunter, S.
National Systems and Strategies for Provision of Care to HIV/AIDS Affected Adults and Children
2000 - in (USAID)., The Synergy Project of TvT Associates Inc. for the HIV-AIDS Division of the U.S.Agency for International Development, A discussion paper presented at the UNAIDS Workshop on the Role of Debt Relief in Financing National HIV/AIDS Programs, Lilongwe, Malawi, p. 44 p.
Mots clés : Adulte; Enfant; Enfants; Programme de prévention et de soin; VIH/SIDARésumé : The growing size and complexity of funding for HIV/AIDS prevention and care programs from debt relief, World Bank IDA loans, and new grant options demand increasingly sophisticated program planning processes. Resource allocation requires critical decisions about target populations, programs, timetables and expenditure mechanisms, and the link of HIV/AIDS programs with broad poverty alleviation goals. Although planning processes become more complicated, formulation of good long term plans and strategies can increase the success of funding negotiations so that the largest possible amount of resources are leveraged. Planning that improves the relationship between HIV/AIDS program expenditures and constructive long-term poverty alleviation can turn the tragedy of the pandemic into positive social action. The projected impact of HIV/AIDS means that heavily infected societies are faced with the task of building new, replacement, and compensatory social structures. The planning process provides the opportunity to rethink existing resource distribution and social welfare mechanisms so they achieve these broader social development goals.
Site web : http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/1990_provisioncare.pdf
In countries with severe HIV/AIDS epidemics, the disease is an extraordinary stressor that is transforming human social systems. Planning can create strategies that counteract the effects of this stressor, helping to ensure that resulting social change is positive over the long term. Effective strategies build on the embedded nature of social systems so that programs for HIV/AIDS-affected children, families and communities are linked not only with poverty alleviation programs but with programs in all other spheres. Over the past 10 years, planning and strategy building in Sub-Saharan African countries has produced a rich experience in building social welfare systems that are strategic and take a long term,
developmental perspective. Lessons from this experience tell us that community based systems are valued and valuable because they are culturally appropriate, low cost, and sustainable. They not only harvest the best of family and community experience in child care, but their development is the beginning of the healing process for this great tragedy of AIDS. Supporting them with additional resources demands new ways of thinking and the wilingness to shape complex new social structures. It is in building them, however, that the beginnings of a new,
post-AIDS society is fashioned. In this, the HIV/AIDS pandemic is fostering the development of a new relationship between African governments and the communities they serve. Recommendations for this purpose are found in the last section of this paper. This paper summarizes the experience of Eastern and Southern African countries over the last decade in building replacement and compensatory social welfare mechanisms in response to the HIV/AIDS pandemic. The broad strategic framework described in this paper will expand the planning
universe so that the most effective long term programs, reaching the largest number of beneficiaries, are established. It can also help generate criteria to guide NGO programs and grant making bodies so they serve broader State- initiated program decisions and strategies. (Executive Summary)Congrès
Hallman, K.
Orphanhood and Adolescent HIV Risk Behaviors in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa
2006, paper submitted at the conference of Population Association of America 2006, Los Angeles, p. 4 p.
Mots clés : Abus sexuel; Adolescent; Adolescents; Comportement sexuel; comportements à risque; Données longitudinales; Enquête en population générale; orphelin; SIDA; Transmission verticale
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : Although orphanhood is believed to be a risk factor for unsafe sexual behaviors among adolescents in developing countries-particularly girls, there are few studies documenting the relationship. Most orphan research focuses on infants and very young children, who may be at risk for HIV through vertical transmission from mothers or increased vulnerability to sexual abuse. The effects of orphanhood on adolescent HIV risk behaviors are, however, understudied. Using longitudinal data from a population-based survey of 14-22 year-olds in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, interviewed in 1999 and followed up in 2001, we find that controlling for age and household expenditure and size, relative to non-orphans, paternal orphaned females (p=.05) and males (p=.01) have higher odds of debuting earlier sexually, maternal orphaned females are less likely to discuss condom use with recent sexual partners (p=.05), and maternal orphaned males report being less confident they can use a condom correctly (p=.05).
Congrès
Rossi, M. M.; Reijer, P.
Prevalence of orphans and their education status in Nkwazi Compound - Ndola
1995, Paper presented to the 5th National AIDS Conference, Lusaka
Mots clés : Eglise; ménages; Orphelins; SurveillanceRésumé : Objectives: To determine the prevalence of orphans and their educational status in Nkwazi compound, Ndola. To assess the attitudes of the community towards orphans.
Site web : http://www.medguide.org.zm/aidsbibl/impact3.htm#orphanshiv
Methods: A pre-tested questionnaire was administered to a sample of 250 households randomly selected among 10 sections of the community.
Results: Out of the 250 households surveyed, 81 (32.4 per cent) had orphans and out of a population of 909 children, 192 (21 per cent) were orphans of which 43 (22.4 per cent) were double orphans and 149 (77.6 per cent) single orphans. Of the 149 single orphans, 36 (24.2 per cent were maternal orphans as compared to 113 (75.8 per cent) paternal orphans. Out of 140 orphans of school going age, only 75 (46.4 per cent) were attending school compared with 352 non orphans of school going age of which 199 (56.5 per cent) were attending school.
53 (65.4 per cent) guardians of the orphans said that they had added responsibilities due to the presence of an orphan in the family, with 22 (27.1 per cent) mentioning lack of money as the problem, 18 (22.2 per cent) having problems with school fees, 28 (34.6 per cent) food, 30 (37 per cent) mentioning clothes as their main problem. Only 4 (5 per cent) of the 81 households with an orphan said that they received support from others in the community with support coming mostly from other relatives and the church.
Conclusions: The number of orphans (192) representing 21.1 per cent of the total child population of 909 is quite high and significant to explain the existence of the problem of orphans in Nkwazi compound. The extended family system is the only system that cares for orphans and the majority of the carers find difficulties with this added responsibility; the major problems being lack of clothes, money for school fees and food. In 86.4 per cent of the families caring for orphans, no support from the community, NGO or Government is received. There is an urgent need to sensitise the community, churches, social development committees on the orphan situation in the compound and look for possible solutions in order to cope with the future as the total number of orphans is expected to increase as a consequence of the HIV/AIDSCongrès
Ruiz-Casares, M.
Renforcer la compétence des ménages dirigés par des enfants ou des jeunes afin de satisfaire leurs besoins: une étude des réseaux sociaux
2005, Communication présentée à la 3eme Conférence Africaine pour la recherche sur les aspects sociaux du VIH/SIDA, Dakar
Mots clés : Aide; Enfant; Enfant chef de ménage; Enfants; Ménages dirigés par un enfant; Prise en charge; réseaux sociaux; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; NamibieRésumé : Cette étude examine les réseaux sociaux d'appui des ménages dirigés par des enfants ou des jeunes. Le terme appui social s'applique "aux ressources sociales" que les individus considèrent disponibles ou qui leur sont en fait fournies à travers des relations d'aide formelles et informelles. Cette étude vise à évaluer les besoins et la résilience des enfants, expliquer leurs mécanismes de débrouillardise, et décrire les ressources locales dans des régions avec un haut taux de VIH/SIDA. L'étude a été réalisée par le biais d'entrevues avec des enfants (pour identifier les réseaux sociaux et évaluer leur santé mentale) et des membres de la communauté, ainsi que l'analyse de documentation pertinente. La collecte des données a été effectuée dans les régions de Cprivi, Kavango et Omusati, dans la Namibie septentrionale et ce du mois de mai 2003 jusqu'en juin 2004.
Notes : Conférence organisée par le réseau SAHARA
Congrès
Parker, E.
School Enrollment in Lesotho: Do Grandmothers Matter?
2006, Paper submitted at the Conference of Population Association of America 2006, Los Angeles, p. 6 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de résidence; Caractéristiques du ménage; Effectif scolaire; Enfant; Enfants; Grand-mères; migration; orphelin; Pauvreté; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; LesothoRésumé : In this project, I use the 2001 Lesotho Demographic Survey to look at the relationship between residence with a grandmother and current school enrollment for children 6-14 in Lesotho in the context of poverty, changing labor migration patterns, and HIV/AIDS. I first examine the prevalence of co-residence with a grandmother in Lesotho, the characteristics of children living with grandmothers, the characteristics of grandmothers living with children, and the characteristics of households in which grandmothers and grandchildren co-reside. I then consider the relationship between residence with a grandmother and current school enrollment and whether this relationship varies by child, grandmother, and household characteristics. Approximately 25% of all children and 30% of orphaned children in Lesotho are resident with a grandmother. Preliminary results suggest that having a grandmother in the household is positively related to school enrollment for children in Lesotho regardless of orphan status.
Site web : http://paa2006.princeton.edu/download.aspx?submissionId=61018Congrès
Bledsoe, C.; Isiugo-Abanihe, U. C.
Strategies of child fosterage among Mende grannies in Sierra Leone
1985, Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Population Association of America, March 28-30, 1985., Boston, Massachusetts, Unpublished, p. 30 p.
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Anthropologie; Anthropologie culturelle; Comportement; Comportement social; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Sciences sociales; valeur de l'enfant
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; Sierra LeoneRésumé : This paper analyzes child fosterage practices among the Mende "grannies" of Sierra Leone. It is argued that this practice mitigates the costs of high fertility to childbearers and distributes the benefits of children to elderly women. The data were drawn from an ethnographic survey involving 155 in-factors and 117 out-fosters. 22.5% of children under 5 years of age born to women surveyed, 27.8% of children ages 6-10 years, and 45.9% of those in the 11-15 year age group were living apart from their mothers. Whereas older children are sent to fosterage to obtain an education and make contacts that may allow them to enter the national government or business world, smaller children are generally sent for reasons of child care, especially when cash and food supplies are low. Grannies with wealth and prestige often mind many children. Factors such as sex, legitimacy, sibling order, and age influence which children are sent to grannies. Girls, high order siblings, and illegitimate children are more likely to be sent to rural areas for care. In addition to the children's labor, grannies obtain money and supplies from parents; the ties to parents this arrangement implies provides these women with the means to subsist. In addition, there is the potential of support from the children themselves in the future. Despite their illiteracy and isolation from the modern economy, rural grannies are able to attain many of the benefits of modernization (e.g. cash, imported household and clothing items, access to modern legal help and medical care) through the institution of fosterage. To a certain extent, the rural subsistence sector is absorbing some of the costs of high urban fertility. Sending a child to a rural granny allows young urban dwellers to avoid food and maintenance expenditures as well as losses of time from work. Finally, fosterage provides urban migrants with a means to maintain ties with the rural community if they fail to integrate themselves into the urban area and must return home.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlCongrès
Pilon, M.; Vimard, P.
Structures et dynamiques familiales à l'épreuve de la crise en Afrique sub-saharienne
1998, Chaire Quetelet 1998 : Ménages, Comportements Démographiques et Sociétés en Mutation, Louvain-la-Neuve, p. 22 p.
Mots clés : Changement social; composition du ménage; constitution de la famille; Crise économique; Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; SIDA; solidarité; Structure familiale
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneNotes : Chaire Quetelet 1998 : Ménages, Comportements Démographiques et Sociétés en Mutation, Louvain-la-Neuve (BE), 1998/11/25-27; Français
Congrès
Tracuzzi, T.; Pilon, M.
Structures familiales, statut des femmes et comportements démographiques : quelles interactions ? Le cas du Kenya et du Sénégal
1997, Communication présentée au Congrès international de la population, Beijing 1997, Beijing, UIESP, p. 1167-1192
Mots clés : Analyse démographique; Chef de ménage; composition du ménage; Condition féminine; constitution de la famille; éducation des femmes; Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; Relations de genre; Structure familiale
Pays : Kenya; SénégalNotes : Français
Congrès
Kobiané, JF.
The death of parents and its consequences on children's educational attainment in Burkina Faso: An Indirect Way to Evaluate the Strength of the Extended Family System
2004, Paper presented at the Population association of America 2004 annual meeting, Boston, Massachusetts, p. 3 p.
Mots clés : Education; Enfant; Enfants; Mortalité adulte
Pays : Burkina FasoCongrès
Konde-Lule, J. K.; Wawer, M. J.; Serwadda, D.; Edmondson, J.
The HIV epidemic and orphanhood, Rakai district, Uganda
1995, paper presented at the IX International conference on AIDS and sexually transmitted diseases in Africa, KampalaNotes : Citation in: Ntozi et al., AIDS in Uganda: how has the household coped with the epidemic? in The continuing HIV / AIDS epidemic in Africa: responses and coping strategies, Caldwell, J. et al (ed), Canberra, Health Transition Centre, National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University: 155-181
Congrès
Kelly, M.
The impact of HIV/AIDS on schooling in Zambia
1999, paper presented at the XIth International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa (ICASA)12th September 1999, Lusaka, p. 10 p.
Mots clés : curriculum; Demande d'éducation; Education préventive; educational supply; Fréquentation scolaire; Planification de l'éducation
Pays : ZambieRésumé : Zambia is currently experiencing one of the worst HIV/AIDS epidemics in the world, one result being that between one-third and one-quarter of the children aged below 15 have lost one or both parents. The high rate of orphanhood and the demographic, economic and social effects of HIV/AIDS work synergistically to affect education in various ways. Demand is reduced. Supply and the resource base are jeopardised. A large section of the potential clientele for schooling is forced into activities that are not compatible with regular school attendance. Major adjustments are required in the process, content, role and organisation of education as traditionally provided. The planning and management of the system are placed under new strains.
Donor support has to be re-thought. The presentation brings forward some evidence from Zambia on the HIV/AIDS impact on teacher supply and morale, on school participation, and on curriculum content. The limited availability of systematic information suggests the need for more focused research. The paper proposes a taxonomy for the guidance of such research. Noting that behavioural change is the only way currently available for dealing on a large scale with the pandemic, and that the ones most likely to be HIV-free are those in the primary and lower secondary school age-groups, the paper stresses the urgent need to make school systems in seriously affected countries proactive in communicating an unremitting series of messages and information about HIV/AIDS.Notes : Paper for Presentation at XIth International Conference on AIDS and STDs in Africa (ICASA) Roundtable on the Social Impact of HIV/AIDS
Site web : http://hivaidsclearinghouse.unesco.org/file_download.php/1153_375+KellyImpactonSchooling.pdf?URL_ID=1153&filename=103365425401153_375_KellyImpactonSchooling.pdf&filetype=application%2Fpdf&filesize=144787&name=1153_375+KellyImpactonSchooling.pdf&location=user-S/; http://hivaidsclearinghouse.unesco.org/ev_en.php?ID=1153_201&ID2=DO_TOPICCongrès
Castle, S.
The mother's friend will make her child dance: child fostering and adult fertility decisions among the Malian Fulani
1995 - in Population Association of America, paper presented at the 60th annual meetings of the population association of America, San Fransisco
Mots clés : Fécondité adulte; Placement familial de l'enfant
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Mali; Pays en développementCongrès
St. Francis AIDS Department
The plight of orphans in Katete
1994 - in Zambia, University of, Paper presented at the 4th National AIDS Conference, Lusaka, Zambia
Mots clés : ménages; Orphelins
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; ZambieRésumé : Objective: to assess the welfare of orphans in the Katete area.
Site web : http://www.medguide.org.zm/aidsbibl/impact3.htm#orphanshiv
Methodology: Defining and interviewing households with orphans.
Results: Of the 450 households, 142 (32 per cent) had at least one orphan. 23 per cent of all children are orphans, with one parent dead, and 5.7 per cent of all children are orphans with both parents dead. 11 per cent of all children's parents had died of AIDS, and 16 per cent of all households reported having had an AIDS death. 62 per cent of orphans of school going age do not attend school. About one third of the orphans are cared for by their mother, and 20 per cent by their grandmother.
At a conservative estimate, there are some 10,000 children in Katete who have lost one or both parents as a result of AIDS. The total number of orphans in Katete district would be approximately 20,000. Concentrating on home visits to families with orphans, there was an average of three orphans per family. The carers were much more likely to be women, and over half of them were grandparents. 355 of all carers were between the age of 61 and 70 years. Only 5 out of 57 carers said they were in paid employment and the others were peasant farmers. Only 18 per cent of the families had enough maize to plant and to consume until the next harvest. 9 per cent of the families had enough groundnuts, and 23 per cent of the families had a vegetable garden.Congrès
Daniel, M. L.
The social and economic impact of AIDS on orphans in Botswana
2004 - in Society, International AIDS, poster submitted for the XIV International AIDS Conference, 2002, Barcelona
Mots clés : Communautés; Comportement; Enquête scolaire; Famille élargie; Impact psychosocial; Impacts économiques; Orphelinage; Orphelins; SIDA
Pays : BotswanaRésumé : In Botswana it is estimated that in 2000 10% of all children were orphans and by 2020 this will rise to 20%.
The study explores the extent to which the extended family is under stress and what effect this may have on the community. Secondly it looks at the the nature and extent of the psycho-social impact of orphanhood and finally it considers the current and future economic impact of increased orphanhood.
There are five research sites representing a range of tribal compositions and varying dominant economic activities. A schools survey is carried out to build up a picture of the knowledge, attitudes and behaviour of school children and teachers concerning AIDS. Teacher and student questionnaires and focus groups are used as well as semi-structured interviews with head teachers. There is also ongoing direct research with orphans and their carers. It starts with a semi-structured interview with the social worker and the orphan's carer. Then activities-based discussions are held with the orphans, individually and in groups. It follows a graded approach with more sensitive topics dealt with later as rapport and trust are built up over time.
Lessons learned: Although students tend to be well-informed about HIV/AIDS and how to avoid infection, risky behaviour and myths still persist as does fear of testing and knowledge of HIV status. A large proportion of secondary school students is thought to be sexually active. There are also alarmingly high levels of sexual harrassment by male teachers of female students.
Only a fraction of the total number of orphans has been registered to receive benefits and in practice what is actually received varies from region to region. The vast majority of orphans are cared for by female relatives. Many of the orphans are frequently ill, they are more often absent from school than when their parent was alive, some have suffered loss of property and others have been abused physically or psychologically (Author's)Notes : Poster Presentation
Site web : http://www.iasociety.org/abstract/show.asp?abstract_id=1735Congrès
Hertrich, Véronique; Pilon, M.
Transitions de la nuptialité en Afrique
1997, paper presented at the EAPS International Conference: European Population : Variations on Common Themes, Cracovie, p. 27 p.
Mots clés : étude; études; Familles; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; Nuptialité
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Congrès
Locoh, T.; Mouvagha-Sow, M.
Vers de nouveaux modèles familiaux en Afrique de l'Ouest?
2005, Communication présentée au XXVème congrès international de la population, Séance S1101 "La famille en Afrique, Tours, France, p. 28 p.
Mots clés : Changement; Familles; Structure familiale
Pays : Afrique de l'OuestRésumé : Notre communication analysera les bouleversements récents qui remodèlent les structures familiales africaines : débuts de la baisse de fécondité, nuptialité plus tardive, irruption du sida et de ses ravages sur la santé. Les économies en crise, les migrations vers les villes ou entre pays voisins, la scolarisation plus fréquente et l'accès progressif aux médias jouent un rôle important dans la recomposition idéaux et des modes de vie familiaux. C'est ce que nous analyserons dans cette communication qui portera sur les sociétés d'Afrique de l'Ouest et centrale et utilisera d'une part les données des enquêtes DHS dont les passages répétés sont particulièrement appropriés pour décrire, à grands traits, les évolutions qui se produisent depuis 20 ans. Nous nous appuierons aussi sur un ensemble d'enquêtes sociologiques et d'observations de terrain pour identifier des tendances nouvelles auxquelles les statistiques ne donnent pas encore droit de cité. (Auteurs)
Ouvrage éditéOuvrage
Sontag, S.
Aids and its metaphors
1989, New York, Farrar, Straus Giroux, p. 127-135
Mots clés : Critique; Epidémie de Sida; Epidémiologie; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Inégalités; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Santé; Santé publique
Pays : MondeRésumé : This essay was written ten years after the author's Illness as Metaphor (see this database). Sontag begins by explaining the stimulus for her earlier essay: her own experience as a cancer patient. During that time, she discovered that cultural myths about cancer tended to isolate and estrange cancer patients. They suffered needlessly because of "meaning" attributed to their illness by society. A decade later, Sontag observes that attitudes about cancer have become more open and truthful. However, a new illness (AIDS) has arisen to carry forward the metaphorical banner. AIDS brings together two powerful metaphors about illness. First, AIDS develops further the theme (seen earlier in cancer) of disease as invader: the enemy invades and destroys you from within. Thus, AIDS strengthens the use of military metaphors in medicine. The war against cancer is reincarnated as a war against AIDS. Secondly, because AIDS is a sexually transmitted disease, it also evokes the theme of plague-as-punishment. Sontag's project in this essay is more focused than in the earlier book. She acknowledges that the medical and public health response to AIDS explicitly counters these myths. She concludes that "not all metaphors applied to illnesses and their treatment are equally unsavory and distorting" (p. 94). The metaphor she is most anxious to see eliminated is the military metaphor, both on an illness level (illness invades the person) and a societal level (social problems invade society).
Commentary:
This essay is considerably less shrill and polemical than Illness as Metaphor. The author brings her own story (albeit only briefly) into the picture. The tone is more balanced as she discusses the themes of plague, invasion, and retribution surrounding AIDS.
There is still some confusion between justified interpretation of facts and unwarranted prejudice or metaphor. Much of this may be accounted for, however, by the advance in knowledge about HIV virus since the essay was written in 1988. For example, the "out of Africa" scenario about the origin of HIV virus is a well-supported hypothesis, not simply a Western bias. Likewise, Sontag's assertion that AIDS is unlikely to be a new disease (p. 71) is unsupported. Perhaps because the medical and public health response to AIDS has explicitly avoided metaphor and has worked toward dispelling societal myths, Sontag writes more evenhandedly about AIDS and its metaphors. Her focus is narrower than in the earlier essay.Notes : English
Ouvrage
Ayoubzadeh, S.; Ben Abdallah, T.; Engelhard, P.; Gaye, D.; Kabamba, M.; Remal, M.; Seck, M.; Ba, R.; Da-Rosa, F.; Diattara, P. G.
AIDS and the Third World
1987, African environment. Occasional papers no. 118-119, Dakar, ENDA-PANOS, 118-119, p. 140 p.
Mots clés : Biologie; Examens et diagnostic; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Prévalence; Revue de la littérature; SIDA; Signes et symptômes; Traitement
Pays : Afrique; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays développé; Pays en développementRésumé : A survey of existing knowledge about the etiology, treatment, prevention, and epidemiology of HIV infection and AIDS is presented, with particular emphasis on Africa and the Third World. A brief introduction argues that the impact of AIDS in Africa is likely to be especially severe because of poverty and lack of development. The 1st chapter discusses the HIV virus and its mode of attack on the body's immune system, describes related retroviruses, explains and diagrams how the ELISA, Western Blot, and other diagnostic tests work, and describes the common signs and symptoms of the various stages of HIV infection. The 2nd chapter assesses the prospects for development of a vaccine, the difficulty of determining the lethality of HIV infection after only a few years of experience, and the efficacy of AZT, alpha interferon, and other possible treatments. Existing epidemiologic data, the divergent transmission pattern in different world regions and their recent trends, high risk behavior, the probable future course of the epidemic, and possible social and economic effects of the epidemic are discussed in chapter 3. The following chapter discusses AIDS prevention campaigns, safer sex, condom use, and IEC campaigns for the public, with examples from Kenya, Uganda, Rwanda, the US, and elsewhere. Chapter 5 focuses on the epidemic in Africa. Topics covered include the possible African origin of HIV, the deficiencies of existing epidemiologic data, AIDS control programs in Africa, and special problems in Africa related to the possibility of infection during lactation and the possible dangers of vaccinating children seropositive for HIV. The next chapter sketches a general strategy for AIDS prevention and outlines the role of WHO. The final chapter assesses knowledge of the level of infection in Latin America, the Middle East, Asia and the Pacific, North America, and Western and Eastern Europe.
Notes : French; 1987 Apr
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlOuvrage
Barnett, T.; Blaikie, P.
AIDS in Africa: its present and future impact
1992, London, England, Belhaven Press, p. 193 p.
Mots clés : Dynamique de la population; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs politiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Impact démographique; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : The authors first describe the epidemiology of AIDS, then outline the historical, social, political, and economic conditions that have contributed to its rapid spread in Africa. Finally, they examine the possible social and economic consequences of the epidemic in the medium-range future. A chapter is included on the demographic impact of the disease. (ANNOTATION)
Notes : English; Critique et présentation de l'ouvrage par J. Caldwell en texte plein
Site web : http://www.amazon.com/gp/reader/0898628806/ref=sib_dp_pt/002-2656404-0588004Ouvrage
Whiteside, A.; Sunter, C.
AIDS: The challenge for South Africa
2000, Cape Town, Human and Rousseau, p. 180
Mots clés : Maladie sexuellement transmissible; Maladies; SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : On the issue of HIV/AIDS, the majority of South Africans can be divided into two broad categories: those who bury their heads in the sand and deny that the epidemic exists, and those who believe that it exists but they cannot do anything about it. In this book, Alan Whiteside and Clem Sunter offer a third view which is shared by a small number of people active in the HIV/AIDS field: there is an epidemic but there are plenty of things we can do to prevent it spreading further and to ameliorate the impact of increasing sickness and death among those already infected. The book covers the likely origin of HIV/AIDS; the current situation in the world and in Africa; why it has hit South Africa so harshly; and the possible demographic, economic, and social consequences for society over the next twenty years. Along the way, the authors dispose of many myths associated with the epidemic. Finally, rather than proposing a grand, monolithic plan, the authors recommend a grassroots approach made up of many small initiatives, pursued on as wide a front as possible, to overcome the epidemic and soften its impact. The message of the book is that we can beat HIV/AIDS, but we must all in our own way take appropriate action now.
Ouvrage
Guest, E.
Children of AIDS. Africa's orphan crisis
2001, Sterling, Virginia, Pluto Press ix, p. 176 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Composition de la population; Coopération internationale; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enfants des rues; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs géographiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Personne sans abri; Population; Recherche sur la famille; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : Deadlier than war, deadlier than tyranny, deadlier even than malaria, AIDS is silently tearing Africa apart. The epidemic is throwing millions of households into turmoil. Often the middle generation is wiped out, and children and the elderly are left to fend for themselves. In this book, I have tried to give a glimpse of the lives of a few of these survivors, whether struggling to keep their families intact or eking out a precarious existence on the streets. And I have tried to recount the tribulations of those who try to help this new generation of orphans, often despite minimal resources and obstructive bureaucracy. It is the story of people's lives after AIDS. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlOuvrage
Centre International pour l'Enfance
Devenir socio- économique des enfants et familles touchés par l'infection à VIH/Sida dans les pays en développement, étude multicentrique
1991, Paris, CIE, p. 101 p
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Femme; Impacts économiques; SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementOuvrage
Delcroix, S.; Floury, D.
Faire face ensemble : le soutien psychosocial aux personnes affectées par le VIH/sida en Afrique, l'expérience des Centres SAS - Solidarité Action Sociale
2000, Paris, Ensemble Contre le Sida; Département Ministériel de la Coopération Française, p. 239 p.
Mots clés : Action sanitaire; Action sociale; Impact psychosocial; Mortalité; Santé; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Cet ouvrage est structuré en trois grandes parties. Selon les auteures:
- la première est une description chronologique du programme depuis sa conception, ses principales étapes jusqu'à la mise en oeuvre et la vie des trois centres. Elle se clôt sur une réflexion critique nourrie par les remarques de personnes extérieures au programme autant que celles des acteurs des SAS et le regard que nous pouvons, avec le recul, porter aujourd'hui sur le déroulement de ce programme.
- la seconde concerne le soutien psychosocial aux personnes affectées par le VIH/SIDA tel qu'il est réalisé dans les SAS. Si le terme "soutien psychosocial" est employé de manière récurrente, ce qu'il recouvre concrètement, dans un contexte africain, reste peu documenté. Il nous a donc semblé primordial, dans un premier temps, de présenter les principes et les modalités du soutien psychosocial tel qu'il est pratiqué par les centres SAS. Nous avons ausii souhaité contribuer à une meilleure compréhension du quotidien des personnes séropositives en Afrique, en développant ensuite deux thématiques: la connaissance du statut sérologique et ses implications ainsi que l'engagement dans un projet de vie. la mise en perspective des témoignages d'usagers et d'acteurs des SAS permet d'illustrer l'accompagnement et, au delà, la place et le rôle du soutien psychosocial.
- Enfin, nous n'avons pas souhaité terminer cet ouvrage sur une conclusion arrêtée et définitive mais plutôt entraîner le lecteur dans une réflexion sur les questions de ou plutôt des pérennisations, essentielles pour les associations françaises comme africaines mais aussi pour les stratégies de lutte contre l'épidémie de sida. (introduction)Notes : Français
Ouvrage
Bruce, J.
Families in focus: new perspectives on mothers, fathers and children
1995, New York, The Population Council, p. 128 p.
Mots clés : Analyse statistique; Approche multidimensionnelle; Attitude du père; Attitudes des mères; Démographie; Divorce; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Famille (Unité sociologique); Famille monoparentale OU Famille à parent unique; Mariage; Maternité; Modèles socioculturels; Parents; Paternité; Programmes pour la famille; Relation parent-enfant; Rôle de la famille; Rôle parental; Vie familialeRésumé : Noting that although families have always been characterized by change, there is strong evidence that they are changing faster today than ever before. This book focuses on the changing roles of mothers, fathers, and children, emphasizing how fathers and mothers meet parental responsibilities and what children have a right to expect from their parents. The research discussed covers multicultural perspectives, including analysis of statistics from many countries. The chapters in the report are: (1) "Families in Transition" (Cynthia B. Lloyd and Niev Duffy), presenting demographic analysis of how families are changing, covering later marriage and childbirth, smaller families, increasing dependency burden on working-age parents, and female-headed households; (2) "The Economics of Motherhood" (Judith Bruce), discussing the prevalence of mother-supported families; (3) "Fathers as Parenting Partners" (Patrice L. Engle and Ann Leonard), giving a definition for fatherhood and focusing on factors affecting, and the benefits of, father-child relationships; (4) "Familial Risk Factors for Children" (Cynthia B. Lloyd and Niev Duffy), discussing birth circumstances, primary family relationships, and living arrangements; and (5) "Family Policy: Supporting the Parent-Child Link" (Judith Bruce), detailing practical policies and programs. Contains 25 tables; each chapter contains references. (BGC)
Notes : Reprinted with the permission of population council
Site web : http://popcouncil.org/gfd/fif.htmlOuvrage
Locoh, T.
Familles africaines, population et qualite de la vie
1995 - in 31, Les Dossiers du CEPED No., Paris, CEPED, p. 48 p.
Mots clés : Accroissement de la population; Dynamique de la population; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Population
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : This study examines the role played by the family in Africa. The author notes that "in Africa more than anywhere else, the influence on family groups does not limit itself to biological reproduction and to solidarity among generations but extends also to production units and largely contributes to social control through the transmission of norms and values which determine behaviour. African families, as institutions, play a mediating role between the behaviours of individuals and the interventions of the community in three main domains: demography, economics and social control." The emphasis is on the way families are coping with the rapid changes affecting Africa, particularly those associated with rapid population growth and deteriorating economic conditions. (SUMMARY IN ENG) (EXCERPT)
Notes : French; African families, population, and the quality of life
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlOuvrage
Lallemand, S.
La circulation des enfants en Société traditionnelle: Prêt, don, échange
1993, Paris, L'Harmattan, Connaissance des Hommes, p. 223
Mots clés : Adoption; Alliance; Circulation des enfants; Confiage d'enfant; Confiage d'enfants; Enfant confié; Familles; Parenté; Résidence; Société traditionnelleRésumé : En société occidentale, l'enfant appartient à ses géniteurs. Chez d'autres populations, cette prétention à l'exclusivité est jugée excessive, car beaucoup de membres du groupe familial (ou du voisinage) peuvent revendiquer la garde de l'enfant. Ceci implique des conceptions différentes de l'organisation de la parenté, de l'alliance, de la résidence. Au lieu d'être un pseudodescendant comme on tend à le considérer en Occident, il se pourrait bien que l'adopté soit une sorte d'allié; et que sa présence serve tantôt à renforcer un marriage qui a eu lieu, tantôt à marquer la place de celui qui n'a pu s'effectuer. A pertir de l'inventaire d'un grand nombre de sociétés (africaines, océanniennes, asiatiques...) où l'enfant circule beaucoup, l'auteur dégage les constantes de cette intense mobilité mais décrit aussi diverses formes qu'elle emprunte, ses principaux usages et la variété de ses causes.
Ouvrage
Pilon, M.
Le lien de parenté : une information essentielle mais négligée
1996, Rapport de Recherche, Paris, CEPED, 9, p. 19 p.
Mots clés : Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; Parenté
Pays : AfriqueNotes : Français
Ouvrage
Pilon, M.; Locoh, T.; Vignikin, K.; Vimard, P.
Ménages et familles en Afrique, approches des dynamiques contemporaines
1997 - in n°15, Les études du CEPED, Paris, CEPED, p. 383 p.
Mots clés : cycle de vie; Familles; ménages; solidarité
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Lieu universel de la reproduction démographique et instance de première intégration des individus à la vie sociale, la famille est au coeur des changements qui affectent l'ensemble des sociétés. En Afrique sub-saharienne, elle se trouve confrontée à des contraintes croissantes, souvent contradictoires, où se mêlent les règles des divers systèmes de parenté, les législations modernes encore imprécises et peu adaptées aux différents contextes culturels, et les effets de plus en plus sévères de la crise économique et des politiques d'ajustement. Durement affactées par ces forces multiples, les familles africaines sont aussi des acteurs du changement par leur capacité à innover et interpréter les normes en vigueur. dépassant les apologies de la "grande et solidaire famille africaine" et les approches théoriques, si souvent contredites par les faits, cet ouvrage, articulé en quatre parties et dix sept chapitre propose une réflexion critique au sein de quelques disciplines (démographie, éthnologie, économie, histoire) et une lecture pluridisciplinaire de la diversité des évolutions et des dynamiques familiales. L'évolution des ménages et groupes domestiques, la différenciation des cycles de vie familiaux et des statuts individuels (concernant les femmes chèfs de ménage et les enfants confiés, notamment), la multiplicité des arrangements et modes de vie résidentiels, la transformation des pratiques de solidarité sous l'effet de la crise et du sida, l'impact des législations et l'urbanisation sont autant de thèmes abordés ici pour mieux comprendre la complexité et la dynamique contemporaines des familles africaines.
Ouvrage
Engelhard, P.; Seck, M.
Sida: forces et fragilités des sociétés africaines; réflexions méthodologiques sur la prévention
1988, Dakar, ENDA, p. 26 p
Mots clés : Méthodologie; Prévention du VIH/SIDA; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneNotes : Cité par Pilon et al. (1998), Structure et dynamiques familiales à l'épreuve de la crise subsaharienne, Chaire Quetelet, Ménages et Familles face à la crise, Louvain-la-Neuve
Ouvrage
Richards, A.I
The changing struture of a Ganda Village: Kisozi 1892-1952
1966 - in 24, no., Nairobi, East African Institute of Social Research, East African Publishing House.
RapportOuvrage édité
Cornia, G.
AIDS, Public Policy and Child Well-Being
2002, Florence, Italia, UNICEF Innocenti Research Centre
Mots clés : Bien être de l'enfant; étude; études; Impact; Politique publique; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique; AsieRésumé : This paper presents the findings of a global study carried out in 2000 on the specific impact of HIV/AIDS on children. The study is based on nine country case studies - six in Africa and three in Asia - and a review of five key areas: the health sector, the education sector, access to antiretroviral drugs, economic impact and child impoverishment and orphanhood.
Site web : http://www.unicef-icdc.org/research/ESP/aids/aids_index.html
The author argues that while the health challenges posed by HIV/AIDS are widely recognized, the specific impact of HIV/AIDS on children remains poorly documented, analysed and addressed. Much debate has focused on adult prevalence and death rates and on ways to control the epidemic in the short-term. This study calls for a new focus on the wider impact of HIV/AIDS on children's lives, including falling school enrolment, increased malnutrition and rising poverty.
The paper states that the narrow focus on children directly affected by HIV/AIDS is ineffective and that wider issues must be considered, such as the effects on education systems, which are weakened by mounting AIDS mortality among education personnel. Other ripple effects include health services that are overwhelmed by HIV/AIDS, declining food consumption among the children of families who take in AIDS orphans, and general impoverishment due to economic slowdown.
The study calls for broader insurance and redistributive policies, including income transfers from central government and the international community. It also calls for public policies that are wider in scope, more pro-active and that take a long-term approach. Programmes that it argues should be prioritized include: strengthening of primary health care rapid expansion of programmes to prevent mother-to-child transmission gradual expansion of adult treatment with generic antiretrovirals accelerated recruitment, training and induction of key personnel such as teachers, doctors and administrators [adapted from author]Ouvrage édité
Ainsworth, M.; Fransen, L.; Over, M.
Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the Developing World, selected background papers for the World Bank Policy Research Report, Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic
1998, Brussels, European Commission, p. 349 p.
Mots clés : étude; études; Facteurs économiques; Rapport de recherche; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : The World Bank Policy Research Report Confronting AIDS: Public Priorities in a Global Epidemic (New York: Oxford University Press, 1997) makes a compelling case on economic grounds for developing country and international donor governments to become actively involved in confronting the AIDS epidemic and proposes a framework for prioritising government interventions, based on the principles of public economics, epidemiology, and public health. It draws on numerous published and unpublished studies, many of the latter commissioned specifically for the report.
This volume, Confronting AIDS: Evidence from the Developing World, puts in the public domain 17 previously unpublished studies commissioned as background for the World Bank report. Most of the studies were launched by the World Bank and the European Commission in early 1996. The first drafts were presented for discussion at an authors' workshop on 'AIDS and Development: The Role of Government', held in Limelette, Belgium, in June 1996, under the joint chairmanship of Lyn Squire of the Development Research Group of the World Bank and Lieve Fransen of the European Commission's Directorate-General for Development. The World Bank and the European Commission jointly sponsored the Limelette workshop and the commissioned papers.
Both the main report of C o n f ronting AIDS and this volume of background studies are examples of the benefits of international cooperation in policy research in response to the AIDS epidemic. Both have benefitted greatly from the technical inputs, advice, and financial support of the European Commission, the World Bank, and UNAIDS, although the recommendations and conclusions of the main report, as well as those presented in the studies of the current volume, are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the positions of their respective institutions, the European Commission, or the World Bank. (Preface)Ouvrage édité
Gauthier, A.; Pilon, M.
Familles du Sud
1997, Autrepart, Paris, Éditions de l'Aube, ORSTOM, N*deg;2, 2, p. 175
Mots clés : composition du ménage; constitution de la famille; Démographie de la famille; Familles; Relations familiales; SIDA; solidarité
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Cote d'Ivoire; Inde; Mali; Mexique; Pays en développement; Pérou; Viêt Nam; VietnamNotes : Français
Ouvrage édité
Bisilliat, J.; Benyahia, B.; Berar Awad, A.; Bessis, S.; Bop, C.; Calpas, E.; Catarino, C.; Desrues, I.; Doumit El Khoury, A.; Gauthier, A.; Ghequière, K.; Izquierdo Escribano, A.; Luna, Gina de; Melchiori, P.; Meliço, A.; Ngono, J. A.; Oso, L.; Ouedraogo, J.; Pilon, M.; Quiminal, C.; Rondeau, C.; Rosario Saavedra, M. del; Verschuur, C.
Femmes du Sud, chefs de famille
1996, Hommes et Sociétés, Paris, Karthala, p. 410 p.
Mots clés : Chef de ménage; Droit de la famille; Exclusion; Femme; Immigration; Inégalité sociale; Législation; Migrants; migration; Nuptialité; Pauvreté; Rapports sociaux; Réfugiés; Relations de genre; Relations familiales; Santé de la mère et de l'enfant; Violence; zone urbaine; Zones rurales
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Algérie; Belgique; Bengladesh; Brésil; Burkina Faso; Cameroun; Colombie; Espagne; France; Guadeloupe; Inde; Italie; Mali; Maroc; Népal; Portugal; Sénégal; Tunisie; Viêt Nam; VietnamNotes : Français
Ouvrage édité
Locoh, T.; Pilon, M.; Vignikin, K.; Vimard, P.
Ménages et familles en Afrique. Approches des dynamiques contemporaines
1997, Paris, CEPED, N*deg;Les Etudes du CEPED n°15, p. 408 p.
Mots clés : cycle de vie; Familles; ménages; Nuptialité; solidarité
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : Lieu universel de la reproduction démographique et instance de première d'intégration des individus à la vie sociale, la famille est au coeur des changements qui affectent l'ensemble des sociétés. En Afrique sub-saharienne, elle se trouve confrontée à des contraintes croissantes, souvent contradictoires, où se mêlent les règles des divers systèmes de parenté, les législations modernes encore imprécises et peu adaptées aux différents contextes culturels, et les effets de plus en plus sévères de la crise économique et des politiques d'ajustement. Durement affectées par ces forces multiples, les familles africaines sont aussi des acteurs du changement par leur capacité à innover et interpréter les normes en vigueur. Dépassant les apologies de la "grande et solidaire famille africaine" et les approches théoriques, si souvent contredites par les faits, cet ouvrage, articulé en quatre parties et dix sept chapitres propose une réflexion critique au sein de quelques disciplines (démographie, ethnologie, économie, histoire) et une lecture pluridisciplinaire de la diversité des évolutions et des dynamiques familiales. L'évolution des ménages et groupes domestiques, la différenciation des cycles de vie familiaux et des statuts individuels (concernant les femmes chefs de ménage et les enfants confiés, notamment), la multiplicité des arrangements et modes de vie résidentiels, la transformation des pratiques de solidarité sous l'effet de la crise et du sida, l'impact des législations et l'urbanisation sont autant de thèmes abordés ici pour mieux comprendre la complexité et la dynamique contemporaines des familles africaines. (Résumé d'auteur)
Notes : Séminaire CEPED-ENSEA-INS-ORSTOM-URD, Lomé (TG), 1995/12/04-09; Français
ThèseRapport
UNAIDS
2004 report on the global AIDS epidemic. 4th global report
2004, Geneva, UNAIDS, p. 228
Mots clés : Activités cliniques; Activités de programme; Agences internationales; Consultation; Contraception; Examens et diagnostic; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthode à Adjuvant; Méthodes contraceptives; Méthodologie de recherche; ONU; ONUSIDA; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Planification familiale; Préservatif; Prévalence des épidémies; Prévention; Prévention du Sida; Programme de maintien; Rapport Annuel; Renforcement des capacités; SIDA; Test du VIH; Thérapie Antirétrovirale; VIH
Pays : MondeRésumé : Every two years, on the occasion of the International Conference on AIDS, this Global Report sets out our current knowledge on the state of the epidemic based on the experiences of the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS), which comprises nine United Nations system agencies. It makes for sobering reading. Far from levelling off, rates of infection are still on the rise in many countries in Sub- Saharan Africa. Indeed, in 2003 alone, an estimated 3 million people in the region became newly infected. Most alarmingly, new epidemics appear to be advancing unchecked in other regions, notably Eastern Europe and Asia. Countries in Eastern Europe and East Asia are experiencing the fastest growing HIV epidemic in the world. The large, populous countries of China, India and Indonesia are of particular concern. General prevalence is low there, but this masks serious epidemics already under way in individual provinces, territories and states. AIDS is the most globalized epidemic in history, and we are witnessing its growing 'feminization'. Every year brings an increase in the number of women infected with HIV. Globally, nearly half of all persons infected between the ages of 15 to 49 are women. In Africa, the proportion is reaching 60%. Because of gender inequality, women living with HIV or AIDS often experience greater stigma and discrimination. Yet this is a problem with a solution. As our report indicates, we know what works-successful approaches are evolving locally, nationally and globally. They are being helped by the growing momentum of international political leadership, by business workplace programmes, and by the dynamic mobilization of affected communities themselves-a key element that remains at the heart of our global response. (excerpt)
Notes : English; Reproduced by kind permission of UNAIDS; All documents are only relevant up to the date of publication. For up-to-date information, please consult www.unaids.org
Rapport
Williamson, J.
A family is for a lifetime. Part I. A discussion of the need for family care for children impacted by HIV AIDS. Part II. An annotated bibliography
2004, Washington, D.C, Social and Scientific Systems, Synergy Project, USAID, p. 71 p.
Mots clés : Bibliographie; Caractéristiques de la population; Communautés; Critique; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Revue de la littérature; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA; Soins de santé primaire
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : The discussion paper found in the first part of this document is based on a review of approximately 80 documents related to the provision of care for children lacking family care in countries most affected by HIV/AIDS. Although the review is not exhaustive, it includes the most significant and relevant literature concerning this group of children. The materials reviewed have been annotated in the second part of this document. The annotated bibliography and the discussion evolved from a desire of several organizations concerned with children orphaned by HIV/AIDS to provide a firm conceptual basis for their work. This group of individuals, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), governmental and religious organizations, and international organizations work against time and tremendous odds to develop care and protection interventions for the growing numbers of children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. From the literature concerning children without family care, the paper identifies: The most common areas of concern, The gaps of information most frequently mentioned, and The solutions most frequently suggested for meeting the identified needs. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/AFamilyForALifetimeVersion_1March04.pdfRapport
Mutangadura, G.; Mukurazita, D.; Jackson, H.
A review of household and community responses to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in the rural areas of sub-Saharan Africa
1999, Best Practice Collection, Geneva, UNAIDS, p. 62
Mots clés : Communautés; Méchanismes pour assumer; ménages; Politique; Recommandations; Revue de la littérature; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : The purpose of this study is to review the literature on household and community coping responses to HIV/AIDS and make policy recommendations. This paper serves as a background paper for a much shorter and more advocacy-oriented tool to stimulate discussion among the UN theme groups and the major stakeholders on what can be done in sub-Saharan Africa. This study was a desk review and analysis of relevant literature. The literature review has some limitations: because it focuses on sub-Saharan Africa, the findings may not be applicable elsewhere; and as it was a desk review, it was difficult to obtain ìgreyî material, which has inevitably led to gaps in coverage (Author's modified)
Rapport
Social Impact Assessment and Policy Analysis Corporation, (SIAPAC)
A Situation Analysis of Orphan Children in Namibia
2002, Windhoek, Ministry of Health and Social Services and UNICEF/Namibia, p. 140 p.
Mots clés : Analyse situationnelle; ménages; Mortalité; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Recueil de données; VIH/SIDA
Pays : NamibieRésumé : Namibia is classified as one of the most affected countries in the world with an estimated overall HIV/AIDS prevalence of about 22% among sexually active adults. Continuing sentinel surveillance among pregnant women in various parts of the country reveals increases in HTV prevalence over the past 3 years at several sites. HIV/AIDS is the number one cause of death in Namibia and it is also an increasing cause of hospitalization.
This deadly disease is striking down Namibian women and men at their most productive years, leading to more and more children becoming orphans. It is straining the capacity of households, families and communities at large to ensure that the rights of children are protected and fulfilled. Existing higher levels of poverty and income disparities, coupled with an increasing burden on the households to care for increased number of orphaned children, make it difficult for communities and families to fulfill children's rights at all times.
In order to mitigate the situation of orphans and other vulnerable children, a study on orphan children in Namibia was undertaken by the Ministry of Health and Social Services with the support of UNICEF. The purpose of the study was to analyse and provide an understanding of the present situation of orphaned children in the country.
The study report and recommendations will be used by different sectors of the society, including Government, non-governmental organizations, community-based organizations, civil society and others to address issues such as:
Policy development that needs to address not only material or physical rights but also knowledge and skills as well as psychosocial care;
Putting support systems in place to help families and communities cope with caring for their orphaned children;
Ensuring access to basic social services such as education, preventive and curative health services and psychosocial support.Rapport
Ahiadeka, C. et al.
A study of the status of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC) in Ghana towards the formulation of national policy
2003, New York, Accra, UNDP and Ghana AIDS Commission, p. 51 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Dépistage et conseil volontaire; Familles; ménages; Orphelins; Services de santé
Pays : GhanaRésumé : The document is a report of a study conducted into the situation and conditions of AIDS orphans who are the most vulnerable group of the population affected by HIV/AIDS. The study took stock of the number of orphans and vulnerable children in 20 selected districts in Ghana, estimated their number, know their where-about and determine their living conditions.
The ultimate goal of the study is to provide needed information that will help to formulate policies for the maintenance and up-keep of AIDS orphans. The report is organized into four chapters. Chapter one is the introductory part that spells out the terms of reference and the background to the study. Chapter two discusses the methodology as well as the limitations of data collection. Chapter three reports on the findings while chapter four discusses the implications of the study and makes recommendations for the way forward.Rapport
UNICEF
Africa's orphaned generations.
2003, New York, UNICEF, UNAIDS, p. 52
Mots clés : Activités financières; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychosociaux; Famille et ménage; Financement; Gouvernement; Impact; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Rapport condensé; SIDA; Taux de mortalité
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : The HIV/AIDS epidemic in sub-Saharan Africa has already orphaned a generation of children - and now seems set to orphan generations more. Today, over 11 million children under the age of 15 living in sub-Saharan Africa have been robbed of one or both parents by HIV/AIDS. Seven years from now, the number is expected to have grown to 20 million. At that point, anywhere from 15 per cent to over 25 per cent of the children in a dozen sub-Saharan African countries will be orphans - the vast majority of them will have been orphaned by HIV/AIDS. Africa's Orphaned Generations reports on the life circumstances of today's orphans with new data and fresh analyses. It presents the possibility of change - for those already orphaned and for the generation to come - if certain things are done now. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/media/files/orphans.pdfRapport
UNAIDS
AIDS in Africa: three scenarios to 2025
2005, Geneva, UNAIDS, p. 220
Mots clés : Communication; Croyances folkloriques; Culture; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Média imprimé; Moyen de communication de masse; Rapport condensé; SIDA; Stratégie de communication
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : The decisions we make about the future are guided by our view of how the world works and what we think is possible. A scenario is a story that describes a possible future. Building and using scenarios can help people and organizations to learn, to create wider and more shared understanding, to improve decision-making and to galvanise commitment and informed action. People can use them to challenge their assumptions and implicit beliefs, and look beyond their usual worldview. Scenarios draw on the age-old tradition of story-telling to help people think more imaginatively about difficult problems. Across the world, every culture tells stories, using them to make sense of the world and pass on that understanding from generation to generation. This project uses stories rather than projections to explore the future of AIDS in Africa over the next 20 years. Statistics may give a succinct and tragic snapshot of recent events, but they say little of the AIDS epidemic's wider context, or its complex interconnections with other major issues, such as economic development, human security, peace, and violence. Statistics can only hint at the future. Indeed, by 2025, no one under the age of 50 in Africa will be able to remember a world without AIDS. The book is rich and detailed-reflecting the complexity of its subject matter. There is a summary of the book, in the 'Executive summary', and the 'Scenario analysis' section provides a survey of the issues covered in the three different scenarios. (excerpt)
Notes : English; Reproduced by kind permission of UNAIDS; All documents are only relevant up to the date of publication. For up-to-date information, please consult www.unaids.org
Rapport
Republic of Kenya, Ministry of Health
AIDS in Kenya: background, projections, impact, interventions and policy.
2001 - in ed., 6th, Nairobi, Ministry of Health, National AIDS and STD Control Programme (NASCOP), p. 52
Mots clés : Infection à VIH; Infections; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Prévalence; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; Programmes; Programmes gouvernementaux; Publication gouvernementale; Rapport technique; SIDA; Statistiques; Techniques d'estimation; Transmission
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : This sixth edition of "AIDS in Kenya provides" current information on the scale of the epidemic in Kenya and serves to reinforce the government's commitment to fight against HIV/AIDS. It provides in-depth analysis of the epidemiology, and the social and economic impacts of the virus. Furthermore, it highlights the existing programs and activities all over the country. Also presented is the "Sessional Paper No. 4 of 1997 on AIDS in Kenya (Ministry of Health 1997), which reviews the challenges imposed by the epidemic and describes the strategies and interventions that the government has adopted.
Site web : http://www.policyproject.com/pubs/countryreports/AIDS_in_Kenya.pdf; http://www.futuresgroup.comRapport
Assi, Allet Paul Auguste; Kouadio, K. L.; Gao, Dablehon Aline.
Analyse de la situation des Orphelins et autres Enfants rendus vulnérables du fait du VIH/SIDA (OEV) en Côte d'Ivoire dans les communes de: Abobo, Abengourou, Bondoukou, San Pedro, Yamoussoukro et Yopougon
2005, Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire, Sous l'égide du Ministère de la Sécurité Sociale, de la Solidarité, et des Handicapés (MSSSH) avec le soutien du Plan d'Urgence et FHI, p. 75 p.
Mots clés : Analyse situationnelle; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Cote d'IvoireRésumé : Résumé exécutif:
Site web : http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/eoeapfsjgbmmnzqwqkbmhkh7s3t7zrhw25lhn6s7gxl32ztl6t7r6dfqi6kiiit7kfbgqvgea4dfyn/RapportOEVCtedIvoire2005.pdf
La Côte d'Ivoire a une population relativement jeune. En effet, 43% et 54% de la population ont respectivement moins de 15 et 19 ans. Elle représente la vitrine de la zone franche en tant qu'acteur majeur de l'intégration économique régionale. Son poids économique dans l'Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA) est estimé à 40% du produit intérieur brut de ce groupe. Toutefois, certains facteurs endogènes et exogènes semblent la freiner dans son élan économique. Les conséquences de cette crise qui dure depuis près de 29 mois se sont caractérisées au plan social, sécuritaire et humanitaire par une détérioration des indicateurs.
Malgré les avances notables enregistrées, des difficultés subsistent.
Cette situation a aggravé les conditions de vie des groupes vulnérables particulièrement les femmes et les enfants. Les structures sanitaires de ces zones assiégées ont subi d'énormes dégâts. Les circuits d'approvisionnement en médicaments essentiels et en vaccins ont été démantelés et le personnel de santé à 85% a déserté les structures socio sanitaires.
Au plan scolaire, le profil de scolarisation était marqué par le faible accès à l'école des enfants d'âge scolaire (le taux net de scolarisation au primaire était de 56% en 2000) ainsi que l'inefficacité du système avec des taux élevés de redoublement et d'abandon. Aujourd'hui dans les zones assiégées, de nombreuses écoles sont fermées du fait de l'insécurité et de manque de personnel.
Selon le récent rapport de l'ONUSIDA1, en 2003, sur environ 40 millions de personnes qui seraient concernées par le VIH/SIDA dans le monde, 2,5 millions seraient des enfants de moins de 15 ans. L'épidémie du VIH/SIDA laisse malheureusement dans son sillon un nombre sans précédent d'orphelins. Le choc émotionnel de voir mourir ses parents peut avoir de graves conséquences psychologiques. Dans les pays où les structures sociales manquent, l'enfant est livré à lui-même.
En Afrique de l'Ouest, la Côte d'Ivoire est le pays le plus touché par la pandémie du VIH/SIDA Concernant les orphelins du SIDA âgés de moins de 15 ans, ils avoisineraient 310 000. Les projections indiquent que ce nombre d'enfants rendus orphelins à cause du SIDA pourrait atteindre un million d'ici 20082. Malgré ces indicateurs, la réponse apportée face à cette crise en Côte d'Ivoire reste encore faible quand on sait que pour les enfants issus des communautés gravement touchées, la nature même de l'enfance change. C'est pour pouvoir apporter une réponse adéquate face à une telle « crise sociale » que le gouvernement ivoirien à travers son Ministère de la Solidarité, de la Sécurité Sociale et des Handicapés a mis en place un Programme National de prise en charge des Orphelins et autres Enfants rendus Vulnérables du fait du SIDA (PN-OEV) dont l'objectif est de développer la politique nationale de prise en charge en faveur des OEV et de veiller à sa mise en oeuvre. Désormais dans la nouvelle politique du Ministère de la Solidarité, de la Sécurité Sociale et des Handicapés (MSSSH), ces structures décentralisées comme les centres sociaux deviennent des organes de référence en ce qui concerne les Orphelins et autres Enfants rendus Vulnérables du fait du VIH/SIDA (OEV). Dans ce cadre, l'assistant social peut-être perçu comme un technicien du social, chargé d'informer, de sensibiliser et d'éduquer les individus, les groupes et les communautés. Par ailleurs en tant qu'agent de développement, il aide à l'adaptation constante des individus et des groupes à cette évolution par le développement d'interventions à caractère préventif, curatif et promotionnel.
En Côte d'Ivoire, le Ministère de la Solidarité, de la Sécurité Sociale et des Handicapés (MSSSH) qui a désormais pris en charge la question des orphelins défini les OEV comme étant :
· les orphelins toutes causes confondues
· tous les enfants infectés par le VIH/SIDA
· tous les enfants dont les parents sont affectés par le VIH/SIDA
· tous les enfants dont les familles accueillent des orphelins
· tous les enfants des familles affectées économiquement par la pandémie.
Tous ces enfants doivent avoir un âge situé entre 0 et 18 ans.
L'ensemble des 6 sites pilotes du PN-OEV compterait une population de 2 054 863 habitants, soit 11,08% de la population totale de la Côte d'Ivoire (estimée à 18 545 9683 en 2004). Abobo et Yopougon représentaient à elles seules 1 600 922 habitants, soit près de 78% de la population des 6 sites. Dans cette population, les enfants de 0 à 18 ans représentent 49,12% de la population, soit 1 009 385 personnes. Pour les 6 sites, en termes de ratio, pour les enfants de 0 à 18 ans, nous avons respectivement un assistant social pour 47 749 enfants et un éducateur spécialisé pour 63 665 enfants (...) (Auteur)Rapport
Coalition Interagence Sida et Développement
Annotated Bibliography Children and Families Affected by HIV/AIDS
2003, Ottawa, Coalition Interagence Sida et Développement, p. 16 p.
Mots clés : Bibliographie; Enfant; Enfants; Familles; VIH/SIDARapport
Woog, V.
Annotated Bibliography on HIV/AIDS and Youth in Sub-Saharan Africa
2003, occasional report n°10, New York, Alan Guttmacher Institute, p. 53 p.
Mots clés : Bibliographie; Jeunesse; Revue de la littérature; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This annotated bibliography summarizes research findings from studies specifically focused on youth and HIV/AIDS in Sub-Saharan Africa since 1995. It was developed as background material for a project, Protecting the Next Generation: Understanding HIV Risk Among Youth, that is currently being carried out by The Alan Guttmacher Institute and partners in Burkina Faso, Ghana, Kenya, Uganda and Malawi.
The goal of this project is to provide an in-depth understanding of adolescent behaviors, attitudes and motivations to reduce the spread of HIV/AIDS. The bibliography and background research have helped to guide the course of the work and to inform the research design of the project. The bibliography includes only substantive behavioral research studies, and therefore does not include reports that focus only on programs, interventions or policy; studies that are medical or purely epidemiological in content; and commentary or opinion pieces.Rapport
Lusk, D.; Huffman, S.L.; O'Gara, C.
Assessment and improvement of care for AIDS-affected children under age 5
2000, Washington, D.C, Academy for Educational Development (AED), p. 56 p.
Mots clés : Besoins; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; orphelin; Programme; VIH/SIDARésumé : AIDS-affected children include orphans and children whose parents are ill or overwhelmed by caring for other family members who are ill. Very little is known specifically about the needs and problems of AIDS-affected children under five; most orphan assessments and programs examine the entire 0-15 (or 0-18) year age span, without addressing the unique health, nutrition and psychosocial needs of young children. This age group needs special attention in AIDS- affected communities. This paper presents 1) current knowledge about the care situation of AIDS-affected children under 5 years of age, 2) existing tools relevant for assessing young child care in AIDS affected settings, and 3) new assessment tools specifically designed to assess the care of AIDS-affected children under 5 (Author's modified)
Site web : http://www.readytolearn.aed.org/PDF%20files%20for%20webpage/Under5final.PDFRapport
USAID
Background Paper on Children Affected by AIDS in Zimbabwe
2002, Children affected by AIDS in Zimbabwe, Washington, DC, USAID, p. 80 p.
Mots clés : étude; études; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables
Pays : ZimbabweRésumé : This paper serves two basic purposes. First, as originally intended, it provides a foundation for USAID actions to enhance capacity at the regional and local levels, leading to possible interventions such as increased support for community responses to children and families affected by the epidemic. Second, pending the availability of a true nationwide analysis of HIV/AIDS interventions, this paper serves to highlight unanswered questions about the impact of HIV/AIDS on Zimbabwean children.
Rapport
Hunter, S.
Building a Future for Families and Children Affected by HIV/AIDS
1999, New York, UNICEF, p. 48 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Evaluation; Familles; Financement; Recueil de données; SuiviRésumé : This document begins by summarising the health and social problems of children living in a world of HIV/AIDS.The international response to the need of care sysytems for children affected by HIV/AIDS is also described. Other issues such as strategy development and systems design are explored.
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000090e00.pdfRapport
International HIV/AIDS Alliance
Building Blocks in Practice - Participatory tools to improve the development of care and support for orphans and vulnerable children
2004, Brighton, International HIV/AIDS Alliance, p. 101
Mots clés : Aide; Besoins; Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; Orphelins; Outils; Prise en chargeRésumé : By 2010, more than 25 million children are expected to have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Families and communities need support in caring for the rapidly growing numbers of orphans and vulnerable children.
This publication was designed to help communities assess the situations and needs of their children and the available resources, and to identify what action they can take, using the "participatory learning in action" process. The tools were developed and tested through a five-day meeting in Kenya of NGOs/CBOs from Mozambique, Burkina Faso and Kenya and Alliance staff, hosted by KANCO.
There are seven sets of tools, corresponding to the seven topics in the Building Blocks briefing notes: overview, education, health and nutrition, economic strengthening, psychosocial support, social inclusion, and older people as carers.Notes : English; French
Rapport
International HIV/AIDS Alliance
Building Blocks: Africa-wide briefing notes
2003, Brighton, International HIV/AIDS Alliance, p. 36
Mots clés : Aide; Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; Etudes de cas; Familles; orphelin; Prise en charge; Programme; VIH/SIDA; Vulnérabilité
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : By 2010, more than 25 million children are expected to have lost one or both parents to AIDS. Families and communities need support to help care for the rapidly growing numbers of orphans and vulnerable children.
The Building Blocks briefing notes provide issues and principles for guiding strategy, while drawing on best practice from programme experience. They were developed through a participative process involving more than 80 people across Africa, who have commented and provided case studies, guided by an international advisory board. Each one is made up of an introduction, an 'issues' section outlining the impact of HIV/AIDS on children, a 'principles' section providing guidelines for NGOs/CBOs, and 'strategies', suggesting activities to strengthen support for orphans and vulnerable children.Notes : 7 booklets between 24 to 36 pages each
Rapport
Family Health International; Department, HIV AIDS Prevention and Care
Care for orphans, children affected by HIV/ AIDS and other vulnerable children: a strategic framework
2001, Arlington, FHI, HIV / AIDS Prevention and Care Department, USAID Cooperative Agreement, p. 21 p.
Mots clés : Agences gouvernementales; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Droits de l'Homme; Durée de vie; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs psychologiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Organisations; Orphelins; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Rapport de recherche; Survie; Survie de l'enfant; USAID
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : The challenges faced by children, families, communities, and their governments in managing the impact of HIV/AIDS are and will continue to be enormous. Therefore, comprehensive and cost-effective approaches, coupled with coordinated partnerships and community mobilization, are needed. It is also imperative to replicate, scale-up, and sustain these approaches to meet the short- and long-term care and support needs of orphans and other vulnerable children. This document provides a strategic framework to assist national and local planners, implementers, and donors in setting priorities, and outlines the steps necessary to develop responsive care and support programs for orphans, children affected by AIDS and other vulnerable children. It also elaborates on the role that FHI can play in this effort. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNACP059.pdfRapport
Schatz, E. J.; Ogunmefun, C.
Caring and contributing: the role of older women in multigenerational households in the HIV/AIDS era
2005, Boulder, Colorado, Population Aging Center, Institute of Behavioral Science (IBS), University of Colorado at Boulder, p. 25 p.
Mots clés : étude; études; Grands-parents; Méchanismes pour assumer; ménages; Mortalité; relations intergénérationnelle; Vieillesse; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This paper explores the coping strategies of households in rural South Africa, where HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality are having profound effects on household resources. The paper focuses specifically on the potentially crucial role older women.s pensions play in multi-generational
Site web : http://www.colorado.edu/ibs/pubs/pop/pop2005-0004.pdf
households both during crises (e.g. HIV/AIDS morbidity and mortality) and day-to-day subsistence. We conducted semi-structured interviews with 60 women between the ages of 60-75. Half of the respondents are South African born, and thus eligible for the South African non-contributory pension; the other half are self-settled Mozambican refugees, who officially were ineligible for the pension until recently. The qualitative fieldwork took place in the Agincourt Health and Demographic Surveillance System fieldsite, which provides access to rich annual longitudinal quantitative data on all area households. By combining the data sources, the project produces a rich picture of the importance of older women and their pensions to households..Rapport
Population Council
Challenges faced by households in caring for orphans and vulnerable children.
2004, Research Update, Washington, D.C., Population Council, Horizons, p. 8 p.
Mots clés : Activités financières; Caractéristiques de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Héritage; Immunisation; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; procuration des soins à domicile; Propriété; Rapport condensé; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA; Soins de santé primaire; Subventions
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : South Africa has seen a rapid increase in HIV prevalence among the general population over the past 10 years, from less than one percent in 1990 to twenty percent in 2001 (UNDP 2002). As the HIV/AIDS epidemic increases, so do the number of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). In 2002, an estimated five million people (approximately 12 percent of the population) were living with HIV/AIDS (Steinberg et al. 2002). Because of the average 10-year period between infection and death, even if HIV prevalence declined rapidly, South Africa would still experience an increasing orphan burden for many years to come. Projections show that by 2010, 16 percent of all children in South Africa, will be orphans and more than 70 percent will be due to AIDS. (excerpt)
Notes : English; Reprinted with the permission of population council
Rapport
Gillespie, S.; Norman, A.; Finley, B.
Child Vulnerability and HIV/AIDS in subsaharan Africa: what we know and what we can be done?
2005, Washington, DC, Calgary, Tulane, International Food Policy Research Institute, University of Calgary, Tulane University, p. 34 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; VIH/SIDA; Vulnérabilité
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This paper has three parts. First, we briefly review the evidence for the different aspects of vulnerability experienced by children affected by HIV and AIDS. We will build on the work by Foster and Williamson (2000), Birdthistle (2004), and recent material from additional sources.
Site web : http://www.ifpri.org/themes/hiv/pdf/gillespieOVCsynth.pdf
These include commissioned case studies from South Africa, Mozambique and Malawi (Adato et al. 2005; Arndt et al. 2005; Sharma 2005), a regional southern Africa study (Rivers et al. 2004) and relevant papers from the International Conference on HIV/AIDS and Food and Nutrition Security organized by the International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) and held in Durban, South Africa in April 2005. Second, we draw upon the small but growing body of evidence of what works in addressing child vulnerability in the context of HIV and AIDS in order to generate some key principles for policy and programming. We conclude by highlighting research priorities. (Author's modified)Rapport
Meintjes, H.; Budlender, D.; Giese, S.; Johnson, L.
Children 'in need of care' or in need of cash? Questioning social security provisions for orphans in the context of the South African AIDS pandemic, A Joint Working Paper by the Children's Institute, and the Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Tow
2003, Cape Tow, Children's Institute, Centre for Actuarial Research, University of Cape Tow, p. 74
Mots clés : Aide; Besoins; Prise en charge; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du SudRésumé : In the face of international pressure and local concern regarding the repercussions of the AIDS pandemic for children in South Africa, as well as the review underway of both social assistance and children's legislation in the country, there is much debate regarding appropriate social security provision for children in the context of HIV/AIDS. To date, the focus has primarily been on exploring different mechanisms for the provision of cash grants to children who have been orphaned. This includes encouragement by the State of the use of the formal foster care system to address the poverty-related needs of orphans, as well as consideration of alternatives recommended by the South African Law Reform Commission in their redrafting of the Children's Bill.
However, drawing on a combination of primary research and demographic projections, and by costing a range of different social security scenarios, this paper argues against the provision of grants for orphans as a category of children distinct from other children. It argues that, given the pervasiveness of poverty across South Africa's child population, a social security system that directs interventions on the basis of children's orphanhood mistargets crucial resources; is inequitable; is located in questionable assumptions about children's circumstances; risks further overburdening the child protection system; and is not, as a whole, a cost-efficient way of adequately supporting the largest possible number of poor children who require assistance.
This paper argues therefore that the most equitable, accessible and appropriate mechanism for supporting children in the context of the AIDS pandemic would be through the extension to all children of the Child Support Grant mechanism that is currently in place, and for the means test that restricts children's access to be removed. Progressive implementation of a universal Child Support Grant should be based not on providing grants in the interim to particular categories of children (such as orphans) but rather on drawing more impoverished children - irrespective of their parental circumstances - into the social security 'safety net'.Rapport
Donahue, J.; Hunter, S.; Sussman, L.; Williamson, J.
Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Kenya: An Overview of Issues and Action to Strengthen Community Care and Support
1999, Washington, DC, The Displaced Children and Orphans Fund War Victims Fund, USAID, UNICEF, p. 52 p.
Mots clés : Orphelins; Soin et support communautaire; VIH/SIDA
Pays : KenyaRésumé : An estimated 1.5 million Kenyan children, 12 percent of all the children in Kenya, have already lost one or both parents. AIDS is the major cause. By 2010, this number is projected to increase to 2.3 million, 20 percent of all children in the country (Children on the Brink). Kenya's only
realistic hope of avoiding a serious deterioration of the already precarious welfare of these and other vulnerable children is to strengthen the capacities of its families, communities, and fundamental child protection structures. Concern about this situation led the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) and UNICEF to conduct a joint assessment of children affected by HIV/AIDS in Kenya in March 1999. The objectives of the assessment were as follows:
Provide an overview of the extent to which HIV/AIDS is contributing to the vulnerability of
orphans and other children and where the resulting problems are greatest;
Examine the nature and adequacy of community, organizational, and governmental responses
to these problems, with particular attention to such issues as community-based efforts,
income-generating activities, and the role of institutional care;
Review the legal and policy framework relevant to both problems and responses; and
Recommend ways to identify and scale up effective responses (See Appendices 1 and 2 for
respective scopes of work). (Author's)Notes : Report of a Combined USAID/UNICEF Assessment of Programming in Kenya for Children and Families Affected by HIV/AIDS
Rapport
Grainger, C.; Webb, D.; Elliott, L.
Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: Rights and Responses in the Developing World
2001, Working Paper Number 23, London, Save the Children UK, p. 128 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; Gouvernement; ménages; Organisations; Pauvreté; VIH/SIDARésumé : This paper is number 23 in a series of SCF working papers. It sets out to examine the situation of children affected by HIV/AIDS living in resource poor countries, and to analyse the nature of the responses by households and communities, programming organisations, governments and donors.
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000066e00.pdfRapport
Williamson, J.
Children and Families Affected by AIDS: Guidelines for Action
1995, Washington, DC, Displaced Children and Orphans Fund, USAID, p. 108 p.
Mots clés : Action; Familles; Orphelins; SIDARésumé : This is a very detailed document examining ways in which organisations might intervene effectively for the benefit of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS.
Rapport
Save the Children
Children in a world of AIDS
2004, Washington, D.C., Save the Children, US, p. 6 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Discrimination sociale; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; femme enceinte; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Personne séropositive; Plaidoyer; Population; Problèmes sociaux; SIDA
Pays : MondeRésumé : Twenty years ago, hardly anyone had heard of HIV/AIDS. Today, it rivals poverty and exceeds war as a threat to the lives of millions of children in the developing world. Every 14 seconds, another parent dies of AIDS, leaving behind an orphaned child. The epidemic is spreading through countries and across continents, threatening to undermine decades of progress in social and economic development. Now, more than ever, children and families need global assistance to develop community-based programs -- providing education, health services, food security, income generation opportunities and other care and support -- that will help combat the devastating impact of this disease. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Rapport
Adato, M.; Kadiyala, S.; Roopnaraine, T.; Biermayr-Jenzano, P.; Norman, A.
Children in the Shadow of AIDS: Studies of Vulnerable Children and Orphans in Three Provinces in South Africa
2005, Washington, D.C, International Food Policy Research Institute, p. 77.
Mots clés : Aide; Circulation des enfants; Discrimination; Intervention; Ménages dirigés par un enfant; orphelin; Placement familial de l'enfant; Prise en charge; Stigmatisation; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This paper examines the experiences of children affected by HIV/AIDS in three provinces of South Africa. By combining findings from two studies that focus on households at different stages of impact, the paper looks at the conditions of vulnerable children living in homes with HIV positive family members; children at risk of becoming orphans (i.e., children living with HIV positive primary caregivers); and children 'orphaned.' It also considers the conditions of other household members affected at each of these stages. The paper is concerned with understanding more about their daily lives, and about informal and formal forms of support available to them at each of these stages.
Site web : http://www.ifpri.org/themes/hiv/pdf/adatoetal2005.pdfRapport
UNICEF; UNAIDS; USAID
Children on the brink 2002: a joint report on orphan estimates and program strategies
2002, Washington, DC, UNICEF, UNAIDS, USAID, p. 40 p.
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Caractéristiques de la population; Coopération internationale; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Etudes statistiques; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; ONU; ONUSIDA; Organisations; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Population; Rapport Annuel; SIDA; Statistiques de prévalence; Tableaux et figures; Techniques d'estimation
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : Children on the Brink 2002 contains statistics on children orphaned by HIV/AIDS from 88 countries (Appendix I), analysis of the trends found in those statistics, and strategies and principles for helping the children. The third in a series (earlier editions were published in 1997 and 2000), this document covers 1990 to 2010 and provides the broadest and most comprehensive statistics yet on the historical, current, and projected number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS. The report is a collaboration of the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID), the United Nations Children's Fund (UNICEF), and the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS). (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/publications/pub_children_on_the_brink_en.pdfRapport
UNICEF; UNAIDS; USAID
Children on the brink 2004: a joint report of new orphan estimates and a framework for action
2004, New York, UNICEF, UNAIDS, USAID, p. 42 p.
Mots clés : Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Changement social; Comportement; Comportement social; Critique; Discrimination sociale; Droits de l'Homme; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Participation; Politique; Politique sociale; Population; Problèmes sociaux; SIDA
Pays : MondeRésumé : If programs need to target the much broader vulnerable children population and not just orphans, why then does the Children on the Brink series present estimates of orphaning? While not all orphaning is due to HIV/AIDS, orphaning remains the most visible, extensive, and measurable impact of AIDS on children. To date, no methodology is available for estimating the number of other children made vulnerable by AIDS. Orphans are not only of great concern, their presence reflects a much larger set of problems faced by children. The large majority of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS live with a surviving parent and siblings or within their extended family, and the overwhelming thrust of an effective response must be to give direct substantial support to the millions of families who continue to absorb children who have lost parents. After losing parents and caregivers, children have an even greater need for stability, care, and protection. Family capacity - whether the head of household is a widowed parent, an elderly grandparent, or a young person - represents the single most important factor in building a protective environment for children who have lost their parents to AIDS and other causes. There is also an urgent need to develop and scale up family- and community-based care opportunities for the small but highly vulnerable proportion of boys and girls who are living outside of family care. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/publications/index_22212.html; http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/cob_layout6-013.pdfRapport
Hunter, S.; Williamson, J.
Children on the Brink, Updated Estimates and Recommendations for Intervention
2000, Washington, DC, Synergie Project, USAID, p. 39 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; Estimations; Familles; Intervention; orphelin; Recommandations; VIH/SIDARésumé : HIV/AIDS. The 1997 version, the first comprehensive global estimates of orphans of HIV and other causes, helped raise world awareness of the impending calamity of the HIV/AIDS pandemic in developing countries.
In the two-and-a-half years since Children on the Brink was published, over 5 million adults have died from HIV/AIDS (98 percent in developing countries), leaving at least that many new orphans.
This executive summary of Children on the Brink 2000
includes:
1. New orphan estimates for 34 countries (See Appendix I for statistical tables and figures.)
2. A description of what children, families and communities are doing to address their growing orphan problems.
3. Strategies for intervention that have been adopted.
4. A new strategic agenda to guide coherent action by the world community (executive summary)Rapport
Hunter, S.; Williamson, J.
Children on the brink: strategies to support children isolated by HIV AIDS. Executive report
1997, Arlington, Health Technical Services Project of TvT Associates, The Pragma Corporation for the HIV/AIDS Division of USAID, p. 64 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Impact démographique; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport technique
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : This executive report by the US Agency for International Development presents the situation of more than 40 million children from 23 developing countries orphaned because of HIV/AIDS pandemic and complicating illness. HIV/AIDS epidemic and the percentage of the population infected with HIV are likewise presented based on a study in sub-Saharan Africa. The study also analyzed the demographic and socioeconomic effects of AIDS, as well as its impact on children and families. The results of the analysis lead to the creation of a coordinated and effective HIV/AIDS program that will aid the children, families and communities cope more easily with these problems. These interventions should focus on 1) strengthening the capacity of families to cope with their problems; 2) stimulating and strengthening community-based responses; 3) ensuring the protection of vulnerable children and providing essential services; 4) building the capacity of children to support themselves; 5) creating an environment for affected children and families; and 6) monitoring the impact of HIV/AIDS on children and families. Prevention programs must be developed to reduce and eventually control HIV infection.
Notes : English
Rapport
UNICEF; UNAIDS
Children orphaned by AIDS. Front-line responses from Eastern and Southern Africa
1999, New York, UNICEF, UNAIDS, p. 36 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Familles; orphelin; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du SudRésumé : A calamitous effect of the AIDS pandemic is the vast numbers of children orphaned by the disease. Some 13.2 million children have lost their mother or both parents to AIDS - 95 per cent of these children are living in Africa. As the projects described in this report make clear, stronger commitments and sustainable efforts are urgently needed by the families, communities and children on the front line of this epic struggle. Human, financial and organizational resources are needed on a massive scale if affected countries are to prevent this crisis from completely overwhelming health, education and other basic services and from breaking down millions more families.
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/pub_aids_en.pdfRapport
Poonawala, S.; Cantor, R.
Children orphaned by AIDS: a call for action for NGOs and donors
1991, Washington, D.C, National Council for International Health, p. 27 p.
Mots clés : Activités financières; Adoption; Agences internationales; Aide à l'enfance; Amis et Parents; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Conditions économiques; Coopération internationale; Coordination; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Fondations; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Obstacles; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Politique; Politique sociale; Population; Recommandations; Services de santé; SIDA; Traitement; Volontaire et volontarisme
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : AIDs provides a unique and unprecedented opportunity to affect behavioral change, open up discussion on sexuality, and strengthen health and educational programs. This National Council for International Health policy report encourages collaborative multisectoral programs to deal with the issues of AIDs orphaned children. The contents include introductory chapters as well as chapters on the economic, public health, and social implications of AIDs in the Third World; supporting the child, family,and community; recommendations for the role of NGO's and the role of donor agencies; and conclusions. It is hoped that NGOs and donors will be mobilized to deal with a problem that will strain the already inadequate health, social and financial resources of developing countries, and thereby affecting the increasing demand for long term child care. WHO estimates of HIV infected children <5 years are 10% of 25-30 million by the year 2000. The current problem also includes children orphaned from the estimated 3 million women who will die in 1990. The economic implications are that economic productivity is reduced, low income families will be unable to provide for the additional orphaned children, and debt and low prices for exports have already reduced national budgets and reflect less social spending. The public health implication is the 1-10 US dollars/per person health spending cannot accommodate AIDs screening which alone cost 1 US dollar. AZT costs 20,000 US dollars a year/per child, or the combined annual income of 133 Mozambique farmers. A child's AIDs hospitalization in Zaire costs 4 months wages for the average workers. A funeral costs 11 months wages. In Rwanda, the doctor/patient ratio is 1:36,000. Child survival may be reversed because of reduced credibility in breastfeeding and immunization, confidence in common health remedies, and of confusion between AIDs symptoms with other treatable ailments. AIDs confronts Africans with a challenge to their cultural beliefs and marital, family, and sexual patterns. The alternatives for care are the extended family, alternative residential facilities, and adoption and foster placement. It is recommended that NGO's increase information exchange/program coordination; balance short term emergency assistance with long term sustainable solutions; give priority to maintaining a child's sense of identity and ties with family, clan, and community; involve communities in all phases of project planning, implementation, and evaluation; provide resources to empower women to make choices; and ensure the discrimination due to HIV infection does not occur. Donor agencies should encourage NGOs to pursue multisectoral solutions; increase funding and improve dispursement means for NGOs; facilitate information exchange, funding, conducting research, offering strategic guidance, and taking responsibility for program coordination; ensure the sustainability of AIDs orphan's projects; and realize the goal of improved status of women and children legally, socially, and economically.
Notes : English
Rapport
White, J.
Children orphaned or otherwise made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS: exemple of unicef's responses in east and southern Africa
2003, New York, UNICEF
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; orphelin; UNICEF; VIH/SIDA; Vulnérabilité
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du SudNotes : Citation in: UNICEF,et al. (2003), Africa's orphaned generation, UNICEF, New York
Rapport
Foster, G.
Children rearing children: a study of child-headed households
1997, The socio-demographic impact of AIDS in Africa. Based on the conference organized by the Committee on AIDS of the International Union for the Scientific Study of Population (IUSSP) and the University of Natal, Durban, South Africa, 3-6 February 1997, Liege, IUSSP, p. 22
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Chef de ménage; Comportement; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémie de Sida; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Mortalité; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Participation communautaire; Population; Surmortalité
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : Communities with high rates of HIV infection are experiencing a rapid increase in the number of children being orphaned. An estimated 9 million children had lost their mother to AIDS by mid-1996, with more than 90% of affected children living in sub-Saharan African countries. The AIDS epidemic is also reducing the proportion of young adults in the population and the incomes in AIDS-affected households. Changes are therefore taking place in care-giving arrangements for affected children. An increasing proportion of orphans in several countries are now being cared for by the elderly and the very young, with some households headed by children as young as 10-12 years old. Few estimates, however, exist of the prevalence of child-headed households (CHHs). Two World Vision surveys in the Rakai district of Uganda found that 4% of households were headed by children aged 12-16 years and that 2% of orphans were living in households with a care giver who was 18 years old or less. Another survey in the district found that 97% of orphan households had an adult of 17 years or more living in the household. Once CHHs begin to appear in communities, their prevalence and proportion will likely increase as the AIDS epidemic generates orphans at an increasing rate. The causes of CHHs, problems associated with CHHs, coping and survival mechanisms, and the need for community-based support initiatives are discussed.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
UNICEF
Children: The missing face of AIDS: A call to action
2005, New York, UNICEF, p. 14 p.
Mots clés : Plaidoyer; UNICEF; VIH/SIDARésumé : This document highlights the priorities of the global campaign on children and AIDS - 'Unite for children, Unite against AIDS'
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000793e00.pdfRapport
Gosling, L.
Civil Society Involvement in Rapid Assessment, Analysis and Action Planning (RAAAP) for Orphans and Vulnerable Children
2005, London, UK Consortium on AIDS and International Development, p. 67 p.
Mots clés : Analyse situationnelle; Evaluation rapide; Gouvernement; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Politique; ProgrammeRésumé : This document provides an analysis of the OVC situation and the response in each country, and with this analysis, explains how to produce a national plan of action involving civil society organizations. (Author's modified)
Notes : The UK Consortium on AIDS International Development is a group of more than 70 Uk based organisations working together to understand and develop effective approaches to the problems created by the HIV epidemic in developing countries. It enables each agency to bring its own experience to be shared and used to help all the members improve their responses to the epidemic, through: information exchange - networking - advocacy - and campaigning through its 'Stop AIDS Campaign'.
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000782e00.pdfRapport
Wilson, T.; Giese, S.; Meintjes, H.; Croke, R.; Chamberlain, R.
Conceptual framework for the identification, support and monitoring of orphans and other vulnerable children
2003, Pretoria, South Africa, Children's Institute and Save the Children (UK),, p. 43 p.
Mots clés : Aide; Besoins; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; personnel de soin; personnel de soin, Personnel de soin; Prise en chargeRésumé : Executive summary: "(...) The proposed conceptual framework emphasises the importance of involving all relevant stakeholders, including children, in determining what constitutes vulnerability within local contexts and in developing a service response to the needs of vulnerable children. The framework recognises that service providers such as teachers, nurses, social workers and home based carers come into contact with children and caregivers without always fully utilising the opportunities that this contact presents. The report explores some of the reasons for this and makes recommendations for ways in which the identification, support and monitoring of vulnerable children could be integrated into existing programmes and standard practice (...)
Site web : http://web.uct.ac.za/depts/ci/pubs/pubs_hiv.htmRapport
DeMarco, R.
Conducting a Participatory Situation Analysis of Orphans and Vulnerable Children Affected by HIV/AIDS: Guidelines and Tools
2005, Arlington, Virginia, Family Health International, Implementing AIDS Prevention and Care Project, USAID, p. 207 p.
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Caractéristiques de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; Evaluation des besoins; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Migrants; migration; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida; Planification; Politique de développement; Population; Programmes; Rapport condensé; Réalisation, mise en ouvre; Recommandations; Réfugiés; Suivi
Pays : MondeRésumé : This framework and resource guide is intended to help people involved in programs assisting orphans and vulnerable children conduct a situation analysis. It is hoped that this guide will bring about a better understanding of the essential elements and outcomes of a situation analysis in order to promote realistic, effective, and feasible interventions to protect and improve the well-being of the children and families who bear the greatest impact of the AIDS epidemic. The guide serves as a tool for collecting and synthesizing in-country and sub-national information. Examples of situation analyses and related research are provided throughout the document to draw upon the variety of approaches, and their components, that communities and institutions have undertaken to assess their particular situation. We hope that these will be used as applicable lessons from actual experience. (excerpt)
Site web : http://www.dec.org/pdf_docs/PNADD555.pdfRapport
Williamson, J.; Cox, A.; Johnston, B.
Conducting a Situation Analysis of Orphans and Vulnerable Children Affected by HIV/AIDS
2004, Washington, D.C, USAID, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development and, Population Health and Nutrition Information project, p. 46 p.
Mots clés : Analyse situationnelle; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Programmes; VIH/SIDARésumé : This framework and resource guide is intended to help people involved in programs assisting orphans and vulnerable children conduct a situation analysis to:
Develop stronger programs to meet the needs of orphans and vulnerable children, families, and communities;
Develop relevant and appropriate policies that protect the rights of children and ensure their care;
Mobilize financial resources and other forms of support for action;
Generate social mobilization; and
Create a monitoring and evaluation framework for continued assessment of the situation of orphans and vulnerable children.
The framework covers information on planning a situation analysis, gathering and analyzing information, and reporting and communicating findings. The document provides examples of situation analyses and related research to highlight the approaches that communities and institutions have undertaken to assess a particular situation. An extensive resource list of existing and relevant research is also included.Rapport
World Bank
Confronting AIDS: public priorities in a global epidemic.
1997, New York, World Bank, p. 353 p.
Mots clés : Comportement; Coopération internationale; Epidémiologie; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Infections; Maladie virale; Maladies; Médecine; Médecine préventive; Méthodologie de recherche; Population à risque; procuration des soins à domicile; Risque; Santé; Santé publique; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Monde; Pays en développementRésumé : This book "provides information and analysis to help policymakers, development specialists, public health experts, and others who shape the public response to HIV/AIDS to design an effective strategy for confronting the epidemic. It draws upon three bodies of knowledge: the epidemiology of HIV; public health insights into disease control; and especially public economics, which focuses on assessing tradeoffs in the allocation of scarce public resources. The report offers persuasive evidence that, for the 2.3 billion people living in parts of the world where the epidemic is still nascent, an early, active government response encouraging safer behavior among those most likely to contract and spread the virus has the potential to avert untold suffering and save millions of lives. Even where the virus has spread widely in the general population, prevention among those most likely to contract and spread it is still likely to be the most cost-effective way to reduce infection rates." (EXCERPT)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.worldbank.org/aids-econ/confront/confrontfull/Rapport
General Assembly of the United Nations
Convention on the rights of the child
1989, New York, United Nations, p. 17
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Caractéristiques de la population; Droits de l'Homme; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Jeunesse; ONU; Organisations; PopulationRésumé : The preamble and articles of the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child are presented. The convention was adopted by the UN General Assembly on November 20, 1989. The preamble of the convention reaffirms that children need special care and protection, placing special emphasis upon the primary caring and protective responsibility of the family. It also reaffirms the need for legal and other protection of the child before and after birth, the importance of respect for the cultural values of the child's community, and the vital role of international cooperation in securing children's rights. Articles of the convention define the child and consider non-discrimination, the best interests of the child, the implementation of rights, parental guidance and the child's evolving capacities, survival and development, name and nationality, preservation of identity, separation from parents, family reunification, illicit transfer and non-return, the child's opinion, freedom of expression, freedom of thought/conscience/religion, freedom of association, protection of privacy, access to appropriate information, parental responsibilities, protection from abuse and neglect, protection of a child without family, adoption, refugee children, disabled children, health and human services, periodic review of placement, social security, standard of living, education, aims of education, children of minorities or indigenous populations, leisure, recreation, cultural activities, child labor, drug abuse, sexual exploitation, sale/trafficking/abduction, other forms of exploitation, torture and deprivation of liberty, armed conflicts, rehabilitative care, administration of juvenile justice, respect for higher standards, and implementation and entry into force. Part three of the convention discusses administrative concerns.
Notes : French; English
Site web : http://www.droitsenfant.com/telecharge/CIDE-1989pdf.pdfRapport
USAID
Country Data Profiles: Orphans
2003, Country Data Profiles, Washington, D.C., USAID
Mots clés : orphelin; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Botswana; Cote d'Ivoire; Ethiopie; Guyana; Guyane; Haiti; Haïti; Kenya; Mozambique; Namibie; Nigeria; Ouganda; Rwanda; Tanzanie; ZambieRésumé : Countries Targeted by The Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief: Botswana, Côte d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Kenya, Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia
Site web : http://www.synergyaids.com/OVCCD-Rom/index.htmRapport
International AIDS Economics Network; IAEN
Current Issues in the Economics of HIV AIDS.
2003, Palo Alto, Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation, IAEN, p. 12
Mots clés : Communication; Impacts économiques; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Sciences sociales; SIDA
Pays : MondeRésumé : Now turning to the current issues, what are the current issues? For me it's very simple, and now onto the serious part of this presentation. There are three challenges. The first is prevention and that must remain a challenge for us in many parts of the world the AIDS epidemic hasn't taken off, in other parts, there are still many people who are uninfected and there are new cohorts of people becoming sexually active every year and we must insure that they do not get infected. The second challenge is the challenge of treatment and care and I believe this is the one, which is probably the dominant one among economists at the moment. Treatment and care that must include a provision of antiretroviral therapy and we really do need to be getting our heads around this and what it means. The third area, which I think is very important for me is the orphan at the table and that if the orphan of mitigating the impact. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.iaen.org/files.cgi/10200_f2f_opening_transcript.pdfRapport
Skinner, D.; Tsheko, N.; Mtero-Munyati, S.; Segwabe, M.; Chibatamoto, P.
Defining orphaned and vulnerable children
2004, Social Aspects of HIV / AIDS and Health Research Programme, Cape Town, HSRC, p. 24
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Entretiens; Entretiens de groupes; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Intervention; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; Rapport de recherche; Recueil de données; SIDA; Terminologie; VIH
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Botswana; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : The importance of considering the situation of children orphaned by AIDS has been made clear - both by the projections of the number of orphans expected, and the lack of adequate caring mechanisms and service structures to support them. However, looking at the situation of these orphans does not address the full scale of the problem, since the epidemic and surrounding poverty are generating a context where large numbers of children are becoming vulnerable. The term 'orphaned and vulnerable children' (OVC) was introduced due to the limited usefulness of the tight definition of the construct of orphanhood in the scenario of HIV/AIDS. This term in turn has its own difficulties, since it is has no implicit definition or clear statement of inclusion and exclusion. It therefore works as a theoretical construct, but requires explanation and definition on the ground. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.hsrcpublishers.co.za/user_uploads/tblPDF/1946_00_Defining_Orphaned_and_Vulnerable.pdfRapport
Bechu, N.; Delcroix, S.; Guillaume, A.
Devenir socio-économique des enfants et familles affectés par le VIH/SIDA dans les pays en développement : le cas de la Côte d'Ivoire
1997, Paris, France, Centre International de l'Enfance et de la Famille (C.I.D.E.F.), Institut Français de Recherche Scientifique pour le Développement en Coopération (O.R.S.T.O.M.), Université de Paris 1 Panthéon Sorbonne, Laboratoire d'Economie Sociale, p. 170 p.
Mots clés : Consommation; Diminution; Emprunt; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête; Familles; Impacts économiques; Méthodologie; Relations familiales; revenu; SIDA
Pays : Cote d'IvoireRésumé : Le contexte sanitaire, économique et social conditionne la qualité de la prise en charge des malades du sida.
Site web : http://www.bdsp.tm.fr/Base/Scripts/ShowA.bs?bqRef=265746
Dans les pays en développement se pose le double problème de la disponibilité et de l'accessibilité des soins. Cette étude permet d'analyser globalement l'évolution des conditions de vie des familles touchées.Rapport
Bechu, N.
Devenir socio-economique des enfants et familles touches par l'infection a VIH / SIDA dans les pays en developpement, Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Haiti. Contexte general et etat d'avancement de la recherche.
1993, Paris, France, Centre International de l'Enfance, p. 21
Mots clés : Besoins; Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Niveau de vie; Population; Qualité de la vie; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Centrale; Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Amériques; Bénin; Burundi; Caraïbes; Cote d'Ivoire; Haiti; Haïti; Pays en développementRésumé : French abstract: L'objectif général de cette recherche conduite au Burundi, en Côte d'Ivoire, au Haïti, et au Bénin en 1992 est d'obtenir des données opérationnelles sur les conditions de vie des familles dans lesquelles le SIDA a touché au moins un adulte ayant des enfants à charge. Elle essaye de mieux comprendre la réalité sociale de ces familles, du point de vue de leur organisation interne et de leur intégration dans la communauté. De plus, la recherche cherche une meilleure connaissance des difficultés quotidiennes et des besoins concrets des familles touchées par la maladie, afin de mettre en relief des modalités adaptées de soutien et de prise en charge socio-économique. L'enquête a été menée auprès de 120 familles touchées par la maladie dans chaque pays sur les sujets suivants: les flux généraux du ménage, des données sur chaque membre du ménage, les enfants, les personnes à la charge du noyau familial, les hospitalisations, les consultations en médecine moderne, le recours à la médecine traditionnelle, la consommation de médicaments, les soins à domicile, le non recours aux soins, la diffusion de la maladie dans l'entourage, le rôle du malade dans la structure familiale, l'activité professionnelle du malade, l'équipement et l'habitat, les dépenses du ménage, le patrimoine et le pouvoir d'achat du noyau familial et du ménage, les sources de revenu du noyau familial, les relations familiales et sociales, et les besoins ressentis par le malade et ses proches. Les conditions de travail et les partenaires, les motivations de la recherche, des considérations éthiques, la méthodologie, les outils d'enquête, et la situation actuelle de la recherche sont décrits.
English abstract: The research reported in this paper was conducted in 1992 in Burundi, Cote d'Ivoire, Haiti, and Benin to obtain operational data upon living conditions in families having at least one adult with AIDS with children under his or her care. The goal is to better understand the social reality of such families, in terms of both their internal organization and their place in the community. The research also sought to learn about these families' daily problems and concrete needs in order to shed light upon potential support and empowerment strategies. 120 AIDS-affected families were surveyed in each country upon the following subjects: general household functioning, household member information, children, household heads, hospitalizations, modern medicine consultations, use of traditional medicine, drug use, home care, treatment avoidance, the spread disease, the professional activity and role of the sick individual in the household, supplies and living quarters, household expenditures, patrimony and familial and household purchasing power, family income sources, social and family relations, and perceived needs of the sick individual and those close to him. Work conditions and partners, research rationale, ethical considerations, study methodology, survey tools, and the current research situation are described.Notes : French; English: Socioeconomic outcome of children and families affected by HIV / AIDS infection in developing countries: Burundi, Ivory Coast, Haiti. General context and status of research advances
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlRapport
Population Council; Horizons
Does early intervention improve orphan support programs?
2000, Horizons Report: Operations Research on Hiv / Aids, Washington, Population Council, Horizons, p. 9 p.
Mots clés : Activités cliniques; Activités de programme; Caractéristiques de la population; Consultation; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Rapport d'activité; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : More than 1.5 million Ugandan children have been orphaned by the HIV/AIDS epidemic; throughout sub-Saharan Africa, the number soars to 9 million. Poverty, stigmatization, and despair associated with orphanhood could have an enormous impact on a whole generation of young Africans. In this perspective, Horizons and PLAN International designed an intervention study that tests a unique approach to orphan care and support in the rural Tororo and Luwero districts of Uganda. The project seeks to determine whether enhanced services that begin while parents are still alive are more effective in improving the long-term well-being of children than those that respond only after parents die. Preliminary findings note that the primary enhancement within the intervention is a succession-planning component to help HIV-positive parents plan for their children's future. This includes assistance in choosing a guardian and in acclimating children to the new guardian, will-writing workshops, legal counseling to avoid property-grabbing, and income-generation programs for both parents and guardians. In addition, parents are given assistance to create memory books that contain photos, family trees, and other important family information. These memory books may provide critical psychosocial support to families facing a difficult future.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlRapport
Williamson, J.
Eastern and Southern Africa Regional Workshop on Orphans and Vulnerable Children
2000, Conference Report, Lusaka, UNICEF, USAID, p. 14 p.
Mots clés : Atelier de travail; Conférences et congrès; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du SudRésumé : This workshop, jointly initiated by UNICEF with support from USAID, was the second regional workshop held to discuss the situation of orphans and vulnerable children in Africa. (The first was held in Pietermaritzburg, South Africa.) From 5-8 November 2000, 80 delegates from 14 countries in East and southern Africa met to investigate ways to build the capacity of communities to respond to the needs of OVC and to scale up existing OVC activities to reach the millions of children needing help.
Site web : http://sara.aed.org/tech_areas/ovc/Lusaka%20report.pdf
This report synthesizes the discussions from the plenary and working group sessions of this three-day meeting, including suggestions for national leadership action to scale up interventions, identified needs for expanding community OVC initiatives, principles for developing effective human rights approach programming, and the challenges to developing partnerships and alliances for implementing effective and sustainable interventions.Rapport
World Bank
Education and HIV AIDS: a window of hope.
2002, Washington, D.C., World Bank, p. 95 p.
Mots clés : Age scolaire; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Dynamique de la population; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête démographique et de santé; Enquêtes démographiques; Enseignants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mortalité; Orphelins; Population; Prévention; Rapport de recherche; SIDA; VIH
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : She does not go to school any more. For one thing, her small, rural school has been disintegrating under the impact of HIV/AIDS: teachers, already in short supply, have been dying, feeling too ill to teach, or moving to the city to seek medical care. For another, her grandparents-newly charged with the grandchildren after losing their own son and daughter-in-law to AIDS-have opted to spend their meager income on school fees for her two brothers, but not for her. At age nine she does not have HIV/AIDS, but she is growing up without parents, without an education, and without the knowledge or resources to guide her choices in life. Her future partners or her future husband may well be HIV positive. If so, she too, voiceless and powerless, will become infected. And if she lives long enough to have children, she will be unable to give them any better chance in life. This paper is dedicated to her, and to giving all children like her a real chance for a better future. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Rapport
Mishra, V.; Arnold, F.; Otieno, F.; Cross, A.; Hong, R.
Education and nutritional Status of orphans and children of HIV-infected parents in Kenya
2005 - in 24, DHS Working Papers, Washington DC, USAID, p. 43 p.
Mots clés : Accès; EDS; Fréquentation scolaire; Orphelins
Pays : Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; KenyaRésumé : We examine how school attendance and nutritional status differ between orphaned and fostered children, and between children of HIV-infected parents and non-HIV-infected parents in Kenya. Our analysis is based on information on 2,756 children age 0-4 years and 4,172 children age 6-14 years included in the male subsample of the 2003 Kenya Demographic and Health Survey (DHS). The 2003 Kenya DHS is one of the first population-based, nationally representative surveys to link individual HIV test results for both males (age 15-54 years) and females (age 15-49 years) in one-half of the sample households with the full set of behavioral, social, and demographic indicators included in the survey. Data are analyzed using both descriptive and multivariate logistic regression methods. The results indicate that orphaned and fostered children (age 6-14 years) are significantly less likely to be attending school than nonorphaned, non-fostered children of HIV-negative parents. We find no clear pattern of relationship between orphanhood and nutritional status of children, although fostered children are somewhat more likely to be stunted, underweight, and wasted than children of HIV-negative parents. Children of HIV-infected parents are significantly less likely to be attending school, more likely to be underweight and wasted, and less likely to receive treatment for ARI and diarrhea than children of non-HIV-infected parents. We also find that children of non-HIV-infected single mothers (with no spouse) are generally more disadvantaged in nutrition, health care, and schooling than children who live with both non- HIV-infected parents. There is no relationship between parent HIV status and either stunting or immunization coverage". (Author's)
Rapport
Halkett, R.
Enhancing the Quality of Life for Children Without Parents in the South African Context
2000, Pietermaritzburg, National Council for Child and Family Welfare, CINDI, p. 9 p.
Mots clés : Aide sociale à l'enfance OU; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Soin aux orphelins
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du SudRésumé : This paper focuses on the provisions of care for orphans and vulnerable children in South Africa from the perspective of the Child Welfare Movement. (Author's modified)
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000085e00.pdfRapport
Kongwa, P. N.; Raavand, L.R.; Solami, G.; Haworth, A.
Enumeration and Needs Assessment Survey for Orphans: Matero East, Lusaka, Zambia
1991, Lusaka, University of Zambia, School of Medicine
Mots clés : Eglise; ménages; Orphelins; Santé familiale; Surveillance; Veuve; Veuve(s)
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Lusaka; ZambieRésumé : Objectives: To determine the number of AIDS orphans in Matero East and their expressed urgent and long-term needs. To determine the attitudes of families, school and the community towards orphans.
Methods: A descriptive and exploratory survey was used. A door-to-door survey was conducted on all the 396 households of Matero East using a scheduled questionnaire and coding hand book.Notes : Project unpublished
Site web : http://www.medguide.org.zm/aidsbibl/impact3.htm#orphanshivRapport
Landis, R.
Faire grandir la lueur d'espoir; l'aide alimentaire comme moyen d'améliorer l'accès à l'éducation des orphelins et des autres enfants vulnérables d'Afrique subsaharienne
2002, Document Hors Série N° 15, Rome, Organisation Mondiale de la Santé; Programme Alimentaire Mondial, p. 34 p.
Mots clés : Education; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Sécurité alimentaire; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : L'éducation au sens de scolarisation ne peut rien pour réduire la transmission et l'impact du VIH et du SIDA pour les enfants qui sont privés de l'accès à l'école. À cette fin, le PAM a examiné les problèmes et les contraintes liés à une programmation de l'aide alimentaire visant à améliorer l'accès des orphelins et des autres enfants vulnérables à l'éducation. Le PAM a étudié la manière d'aider les familles touchées par le SIDA et a cherché des idées pour développer le travail des organisations non gouvernementales et communautaires engagées dans la lutte contre le VIH, et en particulier, de celles s'occupant des orphelins et des enfants vulnérables. Les résultats de cette étude, entreprise au milieu de 2002 principalement en Côte d'Ivoire et en Zambie, constituent la base de ce document. Ses principales parties sont les suivantes: une introduction présentant quelques-unes des difficultés qui existent lorsque l'on s'occupe de la situation des orphelins et des enfants vulnérables sur le plan de l'éducation; une description des caractéristiques des orphelins et des enfants vulnérables, y compris l'endroit où ils vivent et les défis qu'ils doivent relever; l'impact du VIH et du SIDA sur le secteur éducatif; des considérations importantes pour l'action du PAM; les interventions d'ordre alimentaire et non-alimentaire possibles pour améliorer l'accès des enfants à l'éducation, aider leurs familles et renforcer la qualité du service fourni par ceux qui s'occupent des enfants malades du SIDA et de leur éducation; et enfin, une conclusion. (Auteur)
Notes : French version
Rapport
Richter, L.; Manegold, J.; Riashnee, P.
Family and community interventions for children affected by AIDS
2004 - in Monograph, Research, Cape Town, SAHARA, HSRC, p. 174
Mots clés : Communautés; Familles; Intervention; ménages; VIH/SIDARésumé : This report focuses on interventions directed at supporting families and households, and building the capacities of communities. In the main, the emphathis is on intervention principles rather tha on actual programme implementation details, because it's widely agreed that interventions need to be tailored for each particular situation. As Williamson says, "interventions to mitigate the impacts of HIV/AIDS must be tailored to the particular economic, social, cultural and environmental contexts of the countries and communities concerned. There is no one-size-fits-all approach" (2000). These intervention principles, although not subjected to rigorous putcome evalutation, are derived from reflection on practice and experience coming out of various forms of process evaluation. (Author's modified)
Site web : http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/user_uploads/tblPDF/1969_00_Family_and_Community_Interventions_for_Children_Affected_by_AIDS.pdfRapport
Gueye, M.; Pacque-Margolis, S.; Kanthiebo, M.; Konate, M.
Family structure, education, child fostering and children's work in the Kayes and Yelimane circles of Mali: results of "focus groups
1993, Working Paper No. 10, Bamako, Centre d'Etudes et de Recherche sur la Population pour le Developpement (CERPOD), p. 34 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Focus groups; Méthodologie de recherche; Nombre d'enfants désirés; Population; Recueil de données; Sécurité; Taille/Dimension de la famille; valeur de l'enfant; Vieillesse
Pays : Afrique de l'Ouest; Afrique subsaharienne; Mali; Pays en développementRésumé : The authors present results from focus group research conducted in Mali in 1989 on the debate in African families concerning child quantity versus child quality. They suggest that the primary motive affecting decisions about having more children is the need to guarantee support for the heads of families in old age. (ANNOTATION)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
Musau, S.; Chanfreau, C.; Kyomuhangi, L. B.
Field-testing costing guidelines for home-based care: the case of Uganda
2005, Bethesda, Maryland, Abt Associates, The Partners for Health ReformPlus Project, USAID, p. 40 p.
Mots clés : Analyse couts-avantage; Evaluation; Evaluation quantitative; Indigènes; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Normes; Organisations et administration; Personne séropositive; Personnel de santé; Personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida; Prévention du VIH; procuration des soins à domicile; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA; Soin à domicile; Travailleur communautaire; Volontaire et volontarisme
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : There is a growing acknowledgment of the importance of the continuum of care and support services to people living with HIV/AIDS outside of health facilities. Greater reliance on communities to provide care and support to people living with HIV/AIDS as well as non-complex maintenance and adherence support for treatment of those who are under antiretroviral treatment is seen as a way to alleviate the burden placed on traditional health systems in countries highly affected by HIV/AIDS. This report presents findings from the field-test of the Partners for Health Reformplus (PHRplus) guidelines developed for costing home-based care (HBC) programs, with cases drawn from nine HBC programs in Uganda. Findings The guidelines help the user to define the core HBC activities and to collect appropriate cost and service data. The guidelines were found to accommodate diversity in HBC service configuration and modes of delivery. Questionnaires were easy for data collectors to implement and respondents to comprehend. The data collection process benefited from respondent sensitization to which data are needed prior to the actual data collection visit. The questionnaire was expanded during the field-test and question order will be modified to expedite future data collection. Importantly, the guidelines' costing boundaries were found to effectively limit what is to be counted in the HBC costing exercise. Regarding the cost findings themselves, costs vary greatly among Ugandan HBC providers depending on staffing patterns, types of medical care provided, and other support to families, especially nutritional supplementation. Staff costs are the most significant cost item; for five of the programs, it is costliest item and, for another two programs, it is the third costliest. The next five costliest items are transport, training, medical supplies, food, and capital costs. Support to orphans and families of AIDS patients are not widespread: only four of the programs studied have an orphan care component. However, direct assistance to orphans, especially school fees and supplies, is a significant cost for the programs that provide it. Volunteer incentives are the lowest cost. (author's)
Notes : English
Rapport
International HIV/AIDS Alliance; HelpAge International
Forgotten Families: Older People as Carers of Orphans and Vulnerable Children
2003, Brighton, England, International HIV / AIDS Alliance, USAID Africa Bureau, p. 24
Mots clés : Aide/soutien aux communautés; orphelin; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; personnes âgées; Soin aux orphelins; VIH/SIDARésumé : As the HIV/AIDS epidemic strikes at the heart of family and community support structures, large numbers of older people are assuming responsibility for the care of orphans and vulnerable children (OVC). Family structures are changing, and often the middle generation-both men and women-is completely absent, leaving the old and young to support each other.
This report shows that with appropriate support older people and orphans and vulnerable children can overcome some of the challenges posed by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. The report addresses the difficulties older carers and OVC must face as a result of the HIV/AIDS epidemic, including economic vulnerability, poor health status, reduced access to education, exclusion from prevention programs, and psychosocial trauma. Several case studies from community-driven programs are presented in the report, which describe innovative ways of dealing with these difficulties.Rapport
Monasch, R.; Spring, K.; Mahy, M.
Guide to monitoring and evaluation of the national response for children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV AIDS
2005, New York, UNICEF, p. 79
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation de programme; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Personnes vivant avec le VIH/Sida; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Programme d'évaluation; Santé; Services de santé; Services de santé de la mère et de l'enfant; SIDA; Soins de santé primaire; Suivi
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : This document provides guidance to governments, international organizations and NGOs in the monitoring and evaluation of the national response for children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. It includes methods and tools for measurement at the national level. The indicators in this guide supplement the UN General Assembly Special Session on HIV/AIDS (UNGASS/AIDS) and MDG 'orphan school attendance' indicator with a set of recommended standardized core indicators that each country could monitor to assess the effectiveness of its national response and thereby inform programming. While monitoring should be an integrated activity conducted from the global to the local level, this guide does not cover the much more detailed monitoring and evaluation needs of individual projects for children orphaned and made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. Some of the indicators may remain relevant at the level of monitoring and evaluating a specific intervention by one community-based organization, but they will certainly not cover the full range of project monitoring and evaluation needs. Also, at project/community level the indicators will probably need to be adjusted to the situation of the beneficiaries and the response for specific communities for which an intervention is programmed. Neither does this manual attempt to cover in detail the more general aspects of monitoring and evaluation. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.cpc.unc.edu/measure/publications/pdf/ms-05-14.pdfRapport
Giese, S.; Meintjes, H.; Croke, R.; Chamberlain, R.
Health and Social Services to Address the Needs of Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children in the context of HIV/AIDS
2003, Cape Town, Children's Institute of the University of Cape Town, p. 345 p.
Mots clés : Besoins; Caractéristiques du ménage; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Rapport de recherche; Recommandations; Services sanitaires et sociaux; Soins communautaires et à domicile; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : The document is divided into two parts. Part 1 details the research process and findings and Part 2 contains a set of recommendations emerging from our research.
In Part 1, after an introductory chapter, Chapter 2 provides an overview of the research methodology, ethical considerations and study limitations. Chapter 3 explores the use and meaning of the term ""orphan" and argues for a shift in the conceptual thinking around this "category" of children (the implications of a service response that targets children according to "category" are discussed further in Chapter 7). Chapter 4 lays the foundation for the remainder of the document describing the composition of the households included in the study and discussing key issues regarding the experiences of the children and their caregivers within these households. The remaining chapters repeatedly make reference to Chapter 4, documenting the role of social development services (Chapter 5), health services (Chapter 6), home- and community-based care and support services (Chapter 7) and schools (Chapter 8) in responding to and addressing the needs of orphans and other vulnerable children. Concluding comments are made in Chapter 9 before moving on to provide detailed recommendations in Part 2. (Author's modified)Notes : Report submitted to the National HIV/AIDS Directorate, Department of Health
Rapport
Steinberg, M.; Johnson, S.; Schierhout, Gill.; Ndegwa, D.
Hitting Home: how households cope with the impact of the HIV/AIDS epidemic - a survey of households affected by HIV/AIDS in South Africa
2002, Menlo Park, Kaiser Family Foundation, p. 40
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; ménages; Orphelins; Pauvreté; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This report summarises the results of a survey of 771 AIDS-affected households in different parts of South Africa. The households were randomly selected from the client lists of non-governmental organisations providing support to AIDS-affected households in the regions where the survey was conducted. The survey and this report are an attempt to document the impact of HIV/AIDS on South African households. Although it is not representative of all AIDS-affected households in South Africa, the report provides a snapshop of the devasting impact of HIV/AIDS on already poor families. As bleak as the findings of the survey are, the households in this survey are likely better off than most since all the households in the survey had contact with NGOs providing support.
Notes : This information was reprinted with permission from the Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation. The Kaiser Family Foundation, based in Menlo Park, California, is a nonprofit, private operating foundation focusing on the major health care issues facing the nation and is not associated with Kaiser Permanente or Kaiser Industries.
Rapport
Mushingeh, A. C.; Mkandawire, A.; Nkula, M.; Chinkupula, R.; Kalomo, R.
HIV AIDS and child labour in Zambia. A rapid assessment on the case of the Lusaka, Copperbelt and Eastern provinces
2002, Geneva, International Labour Office (ILO), International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), p. 35
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Composition de la population; Délit; Effets d'âge; Enfance maltraitée; Enfant; Enfants; Enfants des rues; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Focus groups; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Personne sans abri; Population; Population active; Problèmes sociaux; Recommandations; Recueil de données; Ressources humaines; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; Travail des enfants; Travailleurs du sexe
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : This rapid assessment examined correlations between the HIV/AIDS pandemic and child labour in Zambia. The report aims at: assessing the extent to which HIV/AIDS has had an impact on child labour, both directly and indirectly; analysing the impact of HIV/AIDS-related child labour on the welfare of children in terms of their health, education, etc; assessing gender issues related to HIV/AIDS, as well as analysing the coping or survival strategies of girls and boys, including AIDS orphans; assessing the child labourers' awareness and knowledge of HIV/AIDS; and generating data that could assist policy and intervention strategies on behalf of child labourers. This research was conducted in three provinces: Copperbelt, Eastern, and Lusaka. The sample included 306 child labourers: 211 boys and 95 girls in the five to 16-year age group. The study applied a triangulatory approach involving: 15 focus group discussions (FGDs) five groups per study area, each involving ten participants; 34 in-depth interviews (13 on the Copperbelt, 11 in the Eastern Province, and ten in Lusaka); and a questionnaire survey of 122 children (41 each for the Copperbelt and Eastern Provinces, and 40 for Lusaka). The relatively small study sample was sufficient for a rapid assessment which, as a qualitative study, seeks to provide insight into the respondents' lives. Even children involved in prostitution were interviewed in the places they frequented. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/download/hiv5_zambia_en.pdfRapport
Sherr, L.
HIV and young children: An annotated bibliography on psychosocial perspectives
2005, Working Papers 34, The Hague, Bernard Van Leer Foundation, p. 90
Mots clés : Bibliographie; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs psychologiques; Impact psychosocial; Jeunesse; Revue de la littérature; VIH/SIDARésumé : The second in a dedicated sub-series of working papers devoted to young children and HIV/AIDS, this annotated bibliography offers a practical guide to the content of the references which informed the literature review presented in Working Paper 33 (Young Children and HIV/AIDS: Mapping the Field). It is intended to help readers who want to go deeper into the issues and explore the original source material.
Rapport
Semkiwa, H.
HIV/AIDS and Child Labour in the United Republic of Tanzania: A rapid assessment
2003, Geneva, International Labour Service, International¨Program on the Elimination of Child Labour, p. 86 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Famille et ménage; Fratrie; Grand-mères; Intervention; orphelin; Politique; Travail des enfants; tuteur; VIH/SIDA
Pays : TanzanieRésumé : The HIV/AIDS pandemic adds a new and tragic dimension to the worst forms of child labour. With the death of one or both parents from HIV/AIDS, millions of children have been orphaned. Millions more will be. Many orphans find security in the households of relatives. The demands of survival require others, however, to drop out of school and look for work. An especially harsh burden is placed on the shoulders of the girl child, who often has to provide care and household services for the entire family. Even children cared for by grandparents or other relatives may have to work to assist guardians and siblings. A range of initiatives are addressing the issue, from broad national policies and strategic frameworks regarding HIV/AIDS and child labour to small local efforts by committed individuals and groups. All these interventions are contributing to an effective long-term response. The United Republic of Tanzania's responses, however, are so far strongest at local levels. Effective national policy and programme guidance is only beginning to emerge. (Preface)
Site web : http://www-ilo-mirror.cornell.edu/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/download/hiv3_tanzania_en.pdfRapport
Rau, B.
HIV/AIDS and child labour: A state-of-the-art review with recommendations for action
2003, Genève, Suisse, International Labour Organization, International Programme on the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC), p. 65 p.
Mots clés : orphelin; Travail des enfants; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : As the HIV/AIDS pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa grows in scope and intensity, the situation of children has become more precarious. Advances in the well-being of children in terms of social welfare and health, achieved over several decades, are being compromised. One significant change has been the impact of HIV/AIDS on child labour, especially in its worst forms. Where children are orphaned by the death of one or both parents, general well-being - including opportunities for schooling, proper nutrition and health care - is adversely affected. Given the impact of HIV/AIDS, many children are forced to work to assist, in addition to themselves and their siblings, their families and their
guardians. The ILO's International Programme for the Elimination of Child Labour (IPEC) commissioned rapid assessments (RAs) in four sub-Saharan countries - South Africa, the United Republic of Tanzania, Zambia and Zimbabwe - in order to better understand the linkages between the HIV/AIDS pandemic and child labour. This paper synthesizes the findings from those studies and others concerned with the impact of HIV/AIDS on children. Section 2 focuses on how HIV/AIDS has exacerbated prevailing social and economic inequalities and conditions of poverty. It looks at how the situation among children has worsened. HIV/AIDS has intensified the economic factors that push children into the
labour market, including the impoverishment of families and the death of one or both parents. The epidemics have also made long-term opportunities for decent lives more remote for hundreds of thousands - if not millions - of children in sub-Saharan Africa. Educational prospects for many affected children are cut short, while some kinds of work performed by children increase the risk of HIV/AIDS infection. Finally, this section describes national policy and programme responses to HIV/AIDS and how these have sought to mitigate the impacts of the pandemic among children. Section 3 incorporates the major findings of the RAs within this wider analytical framework. Especially important is the concrete evidence of linkages between HIV/AIDS and child labour: many working children identified in the surveys are, in fact, orphans, and they work because of economic needs arising from the impact of HIV/AIDS. Household poverty - including recent impoverishment caused by HIV/AIDS - is the major factor contributing to child labour in each of the four countries where the RAs were conducted. Among girls in particular, the pandemic curtails educational and future employment opportunities since, to reduce household costs, these children are usually the first to be withdrawn from school. Section 4 summarizes the main findings from the country RAs. It also presents recommendations for policy and programme initiatives, future research and international cooperation in addressing the linked issues of HIV/AIDS and child labour. It proposes
priority initiatives, including the need to address the sexually exploitative role of men in increasing the risk among children of HIV/AIDS infection. Another priority is expanding both practical job training opportunities among children and job creation opportunities among youth. (Executive Summary)Notes : Edited by: Anita Amorim and Collin Piprel
Site web : http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/publ/download/hiv6_subsahara_en.pdfRapport
Dunn, A.
HIV/AIDS: What about very young children?
2005, Working Papers 35, The Hague, Bernard Van Leer Foundation, p. 72 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Intervention; Politique; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : Young children impacted by HIV/AIDS often seem to be almost invisible in the wider HIV/AIDS field. Yet no affected group is more vulnerable, more deserving or has greater potential to benefit from proper programming. The third in a dedicated sub-series of working papers devoted to young children and HIV/AIDS, this paper presents the results of research into the question of how to include very young children in programming and policy responses in HIV/AIDS affected communities.(Author's modified)
Rapport
UNICEF
La situation des enfants dans le monde 2005: l'enfance en péril
2004, New York, UNICEF, p. 152
Mots clés : Droits de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Guerre; Pauvreté; Protection de l'enfant; Survie de l'enfant; UNICEF; VIH/SIDARésumé : La situation des enfants dans le monde 2005 est centrée sur l'enfance, considérée comme la situation et la condition d'une vie d'enfant. La Convention des droits de l'enfant, qui a été adoptée en 1989, donne une nouvelle définition de l'enfance basée sur les droits de l'homme. Néanmoins, pour des millions d'enfants, la promesse d'une enfance, qui constitue le fondement de la Convention, apparaît déjà compromise, dans la mesure où la pauvreté, les conflits armés et le VIH/SIDA mettent en danger leur survie et leur développement. Le rapport examine en détail ces trois menaces majeures, et propose un vaste programme d'action afin de lutter contre elles. Dans sa conclusion, il en appelle à toutes les parties prenantes - gouvernements, donateurs, organisations internationales, et aussi les communautés, les familles, les entreprises et les individus - afin qu'ils affirment à nouveau leurs responsabilités morales et juridiques vis-à-vis des enfants et s'engagent à nouveau sur ces responsabilités.
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/french/publications/files/SOWC_2005_(French).pdfRapport
SOS-Kinderdorf International
Le droit de l'enfant à une famille. La prise en charge de type familial, l'expérience et la vision de SOS Village d'Enfants, Document de positionnement
2005, Document de positionnement, Innsbruck, Autriche, SOS Kinderdorf International, p. 36 p.
Mots clés : Association; Enfant; Enfants; Intervention; Prise en charge familialeRésumé : Dans ce document, SOS Villages d'Enfants revient sur les raisons pour lesquelles les enfants sont privés des soins de leurs parents malgré des mesures de prévention et fait le point sur les enjeux liés à la recherche de modèles de prise en charge de suppléance. Les principes fondateurs et les caractéristiques de son modèle de prise en charge, axé sur l'importance fondamentale de la famille pour tous les enfants, sont expliqués dans ce document. Il est important de préciser que ce document a pour but de partager l'expérience de l'organisation en matière de prise en charge de type familial, ne se référant que brièvement aux autres modèles, notamment l'adoption, le placement en famille d'accueil, ou les enfants chefs de ménage. Ce document insiste sur la nécessité de développer des cadres adaptés qui garantissent une aide adéquate et la reconnaissance des modèles existants de prise en charge de l'enfant hors de son foyer familial. Le droit de l'enfant, privé de la protection de sa famille biologique, de vivre dans un environnement familial de suppléance doit être reconnu socialement et légalement. (Introduction)
Rapport
UNAIDS; WHO
Le point sur l'épidémie de Sida
2002, Geneve, UNAIDS, p. 40 p.
Mots clés : Activités financières; Amélioration du désastre; Communication; Disponibilités alimentaires; Environment; Environnement; Epidémie; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs politiques; Guerre; Impact; incidence; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Prévalence; Rapport condensé; Ressources naturelles; SIDA
Pays : MondeRésumé : The annual AIDS epidemic update reports on the latest developments in the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. With maps and regional summaries, the 2002 edition provides the most recent estimates of the epidemic's scope and human toll, explores new trends in the epidemic's evolution, and features a special section examining the links between HIV/AIDS and humanitarian crises. (excerpt)
Notes : Reproduced by kind permission of UNAIDS; All documents are only relevant up to the date of publication. For up-to-date information, please consult www.unaids.org
Rapport
Allemano, E.
Le sida en Afrique subsaharienne : une menace pour la qualité de l'éducation
2003, Biennale de l'ADEA 2003 (Grand Baie, Maurice, 3-6 décembre 2003), Paris, France, Association pour le Développement de l'Education en Afrique (ADEA), p. 41 p.
Mots clés : Education; Education Pour Tous; Politique éducative; Qualité de l'éducation; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Cette étude entend apporter aux décideurs chargés de l'éducation en Afrique subsaharienne, ainsi qu'à leurs partenaires, un cadre analytique d'appui pour évaluer l'impact du sida sur la qualité de l'éducation. L'intérêt pratique de ce cadre réside dans
les orientations qu'il propose pour la fixation des priorités de la politique éducative et l'élaboration de stratégies de planification visant à renforcer les initiatives nationales en direction des objectifs d'éducation pour tous. Les données d'impact du VIH/sida sur l'éducation réunies à ce jour restent encore limitées et trop souvent empiriques. Elles permettent néanmoins de dégager un certain nombre d'implications pour les futures politiques - mais cela ne remplacera pas une recherche plus systématique, indispensable. L'auteur estime que le thème de la qualité de l'éducation parfaitement approprié à l'élaboration de réponses politiques au VIH/sida dans le secteur de l'éducation, dans la mesure où ces réponses doivent être holistiques et diversifiées, afin de tenir compte des facteurs complexes qui interviennent dans la concrétisation d'une éducation de qualité. Les recherches ciblées sur un seul facteur - comme le déploiement des enseignants ou les programmes scolaires - ne suffiront pas à protéger le secteur de l'éducation des atteintes de l'épidémie. Toute tentative de prévention et d'atténuation de l'impact du VIH/sida sur le secteur de l'éducation doit, par essence, être intégrée dans les stratégies de promotion et de protection de la qualité de l'éducation (Abrégé)Notes : Document de travail en cours d'élaboration
Site web : http://www.adeanet.org/biennial2003/papers/10B_IIPE_FRE.pdfRapport
Reid, E.
Les enfants dans les familles affectées par l'épidémie d'infections par le VIH: une démarche stratégique
1993, Eclairage N°13, New York, UNDP, Programme VIH et développement, p. 3
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Communauté; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Famille élargie; Familles; Intervention; Politique sociale; Population; Programmes; Santé de l'enfant; VIH/SIDA
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : Le présent document cherche aussi à montrer que les besoins de ces enfants ne peuvent être satisfaits uniquement au moyen des mesures et des programmes visant les enfants et la jeunesse. Trois autres types d'intervention au moins sont également nécessaires : l'aide aux parents, aux collectivités locales et aux autorités. Pour le bien-être des enfants, les parents doivent pouvoir continuer à travailler, il faut les aider à organiser leur propre avenir et celui de leurs enfants, et ils doivent avoir accès au traitement des maladies opportunistes qui risquent de réduire leur aptitude au travail et à l'exercice de la fonction de parent.
Site web : http://www.undp.org/hiv/publications/issues/french/issue13f.htm
Les familles élargies et les collectivités locales doivent être aidées à abriter ces nouvelles formes de familles en leur sein. Les autorités ont un rôle complexe à jouer : sensibilisation, mise en place d'un cadre approprié légal, éthique et de protection des droits de la personne humaine, et fourniture des services et des aides nécessaires.
On soulèvera dans le présent document un certain nombre de problèmes qui devraient faire l'objet d'un large débat. Il est adressé à toutes les personnes soucieuses de déterminer comment répondre au mieux à l'épidémie. Il ne s'agit pas d'un manifeste pour l'enfance et la jeunesse, mais plutôt d'un nouvel examen de la réalité fort complexe créée par l'épidémie et ses exigences, qui devrait permettre aux particuliers, aux organisations et aux nations de réfléchir aux politiques et aux programmes mis en oeuvre en priorité face au VIH. Il est désormais absolument manifeste que dans de nombreuses régions d'Afrique, si on ne trouve pas rapidement des moyens appropriés de contrecarrer l'épidémie, la vie des générations futures sera sombre, angoissée et souvent brutale." (Auteur)Rapport
Human Rights Watch
Letting Them Fail: Government Neglect and the Right to Education for Children Affected by AIDS
2005 - in Cohen, J.; Epstein, H.; Amon, J. (ed), Vol. 17, No. 13(A), New York, Human Rights Watch, p. 59 p.
Mots clés : Education; Gouvernement; personnel de soin; personnel de soin, Personnel de soin; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; OugandaRésumé : This report examines the issues surrounding access to education for children affected by HIV and AIDS, looking in particular at the role of government. It is based on detailed interviews with children affected by HIV/AIDS and their caregivers in three sub-Saharan African countries - Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda.
Site web : http://hrw.org/reports/2005/africa1005/africa1005.pdf
The report finds that the testimonies of the children and their caregivers revolve around a common theme: neglect and abuse within families, in communities, and by schools and governments have hindered AIDS-affected children's ability to enroll, remain, or advance in school.
In each country, it was official government policy not to deny education to any child who could not afford to pay school fees and related expenses. Kenya and Uganda offered free and universal primary education, while South Africa had a system of school-fee waivers for children who could not afford to pay. However, AIDS-affected children interviewed by Human Rights Watch in all three countries said that headmasters or teachers had prevented them from enrolling in or attending school because they were unable to pay school fees or other costs, or because they were unable to produce documents proving they were eligible for free tuition.
Human Rights Watch recommends that the governments of Kenya, South Africa, and Uganda, as well as their international donors, take the following steps to ensure equal access to education for children affected by AIDS:
National, provincial, and local governments should:
- enact and enforce protections against both direct and de facto discrimination in access to education
- fulfill the right to free primary education
- provide alternate parental care for all children who need it
- strengthen the capacity of community-based organisations
- protect parents and other caregivers from abuse
- review school policies and practices.
International agencies and donors should:
- advocate for legal and policy reform
- support education for all
- support programs that strengthen extended families and community-based organisations
- develop best practices for schools. (Authors' modified)Rapport
Population Council; Horizons
Making a difference for children affected by AIDS.
2000, Washington, DC, Population Council, Horizons
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Intervention; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; procuration des soins à domicile; Programme de santé; Rapport condensé; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Many organizations provide support services to children affected by AIDS in East and southern Africa, such as payment of school fees, supplementary feeding, medical care, home visits, and vocational training. Despite their importance in a region where millions of children are orphaned, however, few of these programs have been evaluated. In Uganda, Horizons, Makerere University, and PLAN International are collaborating, to assess the impact of an orphan support program on the physical, educational, and emotional well-being of children. They are also studying a modified approach in which children are reached before the death of the parent through a program called succession planning. This experimental intervention includes helping parents write wills and appoint guardians, child and adult counseling, creation of family "memory books," and other services to promote long-term child well-being. The baseline sample includes 353 parents who have tested positive for HIV, 495 children of people living with HIV/AIDS, 232 orphaned children, and 326 designated and current guardians. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlRapport
Gilborn, L. Z.; Nyonyintono, R.; Kabumbuli, R.; Jagwe-Wadda, G.
Making a difference for children affected by AIDS: baseline findings from operations research in Uganda
2001, Washington D.C, Kampala, Population Council, Horizon Program, Makere University, Department of Sociology, p. 35 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Entretiens; Evaluation de programme; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Nutrition; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Plan de recherche; Planification; Politique de développement; Population; Programmes; Rapport condensé; Recherche opérationnelle; Recueil de données; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This paper reports on baseline findings from a study of two programs for AIDS-affected children and their families implemented by PLAN International in the Luwero and Tororo districts of Uganda. It presents selected program and policy recommendations that emerged from the study that seek to identify effective ways to meet the needs of children affected by HIV/AIDS both before and after parental death. (Author's modified)
Notes : English; Reprinted with the permission of population council
Rapport
Alden, J. S.; Salole, G. M.; Williamson, J.
Managing Uganda's orphans crisis
1991, Arlington, Virginia, Management Sciences for Health (MSH), Technologies for Primary Health Care (PRITECH), p. 57 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Etudes d'évaluation; Etudes longitudinales; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Politique; Population; Programmes; Programmes gouvernementaux; Rapport d'évaluation; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Between July 17 and August 2, 1991, a group of consultants funded by the US Agency for International Development reviewed the approaches and policies of Uganda in meeting the needs of their orphaned children. The objective of the assessment was to assist Uganda in formulating strategies and policies to deal with the AIDS orphans crisis. Considering the country's cultural, institutional, financial, and legal context, the consultant team sought to identify the most practical alternatives for meeting the problem effectively. Overall, results show that Uganda faces a serious orphan crisis that is expected to worsen rapidly. One projection estimates that the number of AIDS orphans will increase five-fold in the next 5 years. Traditionally, Uganda's response to this crisis is to place orphans and other vulnerable children with extended families. Thus, the ready availability of the orphanage alternative undermines traditional coping mechanisms. However, institutions operated by Uganda's Ministry of Labor and Social Welfare are badly underfunded and often require help from nongovernmental organizations (NGOs). To plan effectively for the orphan crisis, the country needs to identify the areas with the highest numbers of orphans and vulnerable children. With this information, the government can plan effectively to help meet the needs of the most vulnerable areas and focus donor and local NGO resources where they are most needed.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlRapport
Banque Mondiale; Partenariat pour le développement de l'enfant (PDE); UNICEF; ONUSIDA
Module de formation: garantir l'accès à l'éducation des Orphelins et Enfants Vulnérables
2002, Mombasa, Banque Mondiale, Partenariat pour le développement de l'enfant (PDE), UNICEF, ONUSIDA, p. 119 p.
Mots clés : Accès à l'Education; Education; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Prévention du VIH/SIDA; Projet d'éducation; Projet d'éducation; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : La Région Afrique et le réseau du Développement Humain (DH) de la Banque mondiale développent en ce moment une stratégie régionale et un programme d'action pour assurer que la Banque, à travers ses projets d'éducation et projets multi-sectoriels sur le VIH/SIDA (MAP), aide les pays africains à traiter de manière systématique l'interaction entre le VIH/sida et l'Education. Les domaines suivants seront abordés :
(i) Projection de l'impact du VIH/sida sur les systèmes d'éducation ;
(ii) Minimisation de cet impact ;
(iii) Garantie d'accès à l'éducation des orphelins et enfants vulnérables ;
(iv) Impact que l'éducation devrait avoir sur la prévention du VIH/sida en préconisant les changements de comportement ;
(v) Prévention et conseil par les pairs ; (Auteur)Rapport
UNAIDS
Monitoring the Declaration of Commitment on HIV AIDS: guidelines on construction of core indicators
2002, Geneva, Switzerland, UNAIDS, United Nations General Assembly Special Session on HIV AIDS, p. 69
Mots clés : Activités financières; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Connaissance de la laboratoire; Emploi; Evaluation de programme; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Fonds; Impact; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Plaidoyer; Population; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; Programme SIDA; Réalisation, mise en ouvre; Traitement
Pays : MondeRésumé : At the United Nations General Assembly Special Session (UNGASS) on HIV/AIDS, in June 2001, governments from 189 countries committed themselves to a comprehensive programme of international and national action to fight the HIV/AIDS pandemic by adopting the Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS. The Declaration established a number of goals for the achievement of specific quantified and time-bound targets, including reductions in HIV infection among infants and young adults; improvements in HIV/AIDS education, health care and treatment; and improvements in orphan support. The Declaration of Commitment also included a pledge, on the part of the United Nations General Assembly, that it would itself devote at least one full day per annum to reviewing the progress achieved in realizing the goals established. To facilitate this ongoing review process, the Joint United Nations Programme on HIV/AIDS (UNAIDS) and its partners have developed a set of core indicators that permit monitoring of measurable aspects of the various international and national actions, national programme outcomes, and national impact objectives envisaged in the Declaration of Commitment. Information obtained on these indicators will also be incorporated into reports and publications produced for broader dissemination and debate. The purpose of the current guidelines is to provide countries with technical guidance on the detailed specification of the indicators, on the information required and the basis of their construction, and on their interpretation. These guidelines aim to maximize the validity, internal consistency and comparability across countries and over time of the indicator estimates obtained, and to ensure consistency in the types of data and methods of calculation employed. (excerpt)
Notes : English; Reproduced by kind permission of UNAIDS; All documents are only relevant up to the date of publication. For up-to-date information, please consult www.unaids.org
Rapport
Young, H.
More than words? Action for orphans and vulnerable children in Africa: monitoring progress towards the UN declaration of commitment on HIV/AIDS
2005, London, World Vision UK, p. 67 p.
Mots clés : Droits de l'enfant; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Ethiopie; Mozambique; Ouganda; ZambieRésumé : This paper, from World Vision, examines how far the rights and needs of orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs) are being met in four of the worst AIDS affected countries in sub-Saharan Africa: Ethiopia, Mozambique, Uganda and Zambia. It finds that children orphaned and made vulnerable by AIDS are most likely to be missing out in terms of education, health, nutrition and other basic needs. The authors argue that care and support for OVCs must be considered an integral part of national and international responses to the AIDS crisis.
Site web : http://www.worldvision.org.uk/resources/more+than+words+-+ungass.pdf
The authors call on governments to fully implement articles 65 - 68 of the 2001 UNGASS Declaration of Commitment on HIV/AIDS to ensure special assistance for children orphaned and affected by HIV and AIDS. They also call for governments to produce and fund National Plans of Action for OVCs in all highly affected countries, focusing specifically on education, health, nutrition, psychosocial support, community capacity and protection issues. The authors call on international institutions to support the development of government responses to OVCs. Other recommendations include: accelerating the abolition of local school and health fees; providing access to treatment; and ensuring the inclusion of children in national and international initiatives to scale up access and care. [adapted from authors]Rapport
Davids, A.; Nkomo, N.; Mfecane, S.; Skinner, D.; Ratele, Kopano
Multiple vulnerabilities: Qualitative data for the study of orphans and vulnerable children in South Africa
2005, Cap Town, HSRC, p. 122 p.
Mots clés : Analyse Qualitative; étude; études; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Vulnérabilité
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This paper presents qualitative research undertaken to understand the core dynamics affecting orphans and vulnerable children (OVCs), support structures and interventions for OVCs in two local municipalities (Kopanong in Free State and Kanana in North West Province) in South Africa.
Research showed that these municipalities were characterised by poverty, high rates of unemployment, limited resources, poor roads and infrastructure and problems of access to services, although most children had access to health services.
A number of factors contributed to children feeling vulnerable. Both communities have large numbers of children who had been orphaned by HIV and AIDS as well as other causes. The number of fathers who were absent made this worse. Concern was raised that there are insufficient caretakers to look after the children who were in need of assistance. Virtually all the children were living with a caretaker, with a few child headed households.
The prevalence of HIV and AIDS is seen to be rising, and there is concern related to the financial capacity of existing households to provide care. Poverty was not only a major factor leading to children not being cared for in the future, but the impact of poverty was forcing boys into crime and girls into survival sex as a means of coping. Other concerns centred around substance abuse and high levels of children abuse.
Varying levels of community care were found in both communities, and whilst most caretakers who took in children were providing care and genuinely concerned about the children, concerns were raised about carers taking them in for the purposes to take advantage of their grants for their own uses.
The report concludes that although support structures and systems for OVCs are available, they are overburdened, inaccessible or not well known. This is due to poverty, high numbers of OVCs, lack of resources at community, household and organisational levels, as well as lack of coordination between organisations, NGOs/CBOs and state departments.
A number of recommendations are given for communities, state services and NGOs who provide support for OVC. These include:
- resources are needed for government departments and NGOs/CBOs
- the grant system needs to be improved to increase the number of beneficiaries
- co-operations in required between state services and NGOs/CBOs. (Author's modified)Notes : Donald Skinner; Alicia Davids (eds.)
Site web : http://www.hsrcpublishers.co.za/index.asp?id=2122Rapport
Ministry of health and child welfare
National Nutrition and EPI Survey
2003, Harare, Ministry of health and child welfare
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Enquêtes; Nutrition; Santé
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; ZimbabweNotes : Citation in: UNICEF, et al. (2003), Africa's orphaned generation, UNICEF, New York
Rapport
Saoke, P.; Mutemi, R.
Needs assessment of children orphaned by AIDS. Final report
1995, Nairobi, Kenya, Kenya Association of Physicians and Medical Workers for Social Responsibility (APMS), p. 58 p.
Mots clés : Besoins; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Kenya; Pays en développementRésumé : This study aimed to ascertain the immediate needs of AIDS orphans, the underlying socioeconomic issues, as well as the existing care structures in Kenya. The study was conducted in Kisumu and Busia in the Western region, Kitui in the Eastern Province, and Mombasa in the Coast Province. The data were collected by conducting an interview among 304 orphan children and 98 caretakers, single focus group discussions in each study sites, 20 case histories, and repertoire grid. Results revealed that the rural areas and the orphans were severely affected by the combined effects of both inflation and unstable climatic conditions. Such have affected agricultural output in the last few years. Most of the orphans lacked the basic necessities for survival--food, shelter and clothing. In some parts of the study areas, fostering families were found incapable of coping with their own health demands. In other sites, chloroquine-resistant malaria, dysentery, meningitis and typhoid present serious health problems for the rural poor who have taken the burden of caring for the bulk of AIDS orphans. Furthermore, most of the caretakers spent 90% of their time generating food, which was hardly enough for their families. The social impact of orphans who are deprived, hungry, unemployed, poorly socialized and uneducated is likely to radically change the rule of law and order. These orphans are extremely vulnerable to exploitation by others.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
International Planned Parenthood Federation
New orphan crisis in Mozambique.
2002, London, International Planned Parenthood Federation (IPPF), p. 2 p
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Population; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Mozambique; Pays en développementRésumé : This news article reports that a decade on HIV/AIDS has already left an estimated 418,000 children orphaned in Mozambique. The extent of the crisis is defying traditional coping mechanisms, with the ratio of those available to absorb orphaned children and those who are orphaned greatly imbalanced.
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.ippf.orgRapport
Lynas, M.
No excuses, Facing up to sub-Saharan Africa's AIDS orphans crisis
2001, London, Christian Aids, p. 25 p.
Mots clés : Gouvernement; Orphelins; Programme; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Christian Aid calls for a community-based approach, where the people affected by HIV/AIDS - who are often taking a lead in programmes of care have the strongest voice in determining how the condition is tackled and aid money is spent. Governments both western and African - must now listen. (Author's modified)
Notes : Mark Farmaner, Judith Melby and Susan Roberts (ed.)
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000218e00.pdfRapport
Rivers, J.; Silvestre, E.; Mason, J.
Nutritional and Food Security Status of Orphans and Vulnerable Children
2004, New Orleans, Department of International Health and Development, Tulane University School of Public Health and Tropical Medicine, UNICEF, IFPRI, WFP., p. 80
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Besoins nutritionnels spécifiques; EDS; Enfant vulnérable; Etat nutritionnel; ménages; MICS; Mortalité adulte; Orphelins; Sécurité alimentaire; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Jamaïque; MalawiRésumé : The HIV epidemic has created over 10 million orphans in sub-Saharan Africa and countless other children are affected by the disease, whether by living with a parent who is chronically ill or living in a household that is hosting orphans. Mortality rates for adults are rising rapidly, for women now faster than men. While efforts are aimed at preventing future orphans, many more children will lose their parents before the epidemic is under control.
One of the major challenges facing governments, international organizations and NGOs in their response is the lack of data on the situation of orphans and the quality and effectiveness of their interventions. Continuous assessments of national strategies aimed at improving the welfare of orphans are needed in order to assess the effectiveness of these interventions. A key area is the food and nutrition situation of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS. Inconsistent findings make it difficult to assess if orphans and other vulnerable children have specific nutritional needs separate from other children. This report looks to answer this question by establishing the present nutritional status of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa by examining a large number of countries in the region. Specifically, the report answers: a) To what degree is child anthropometry and household food security affected by orphan-hood and chronic sickness?, b) Is underweight the most appropriate indicator to measure the nutritional status of orphans?, c) Which types of households are most affected by food insecurity and which indicators show promise for future monitoring?, and d) How does the concept of vulnerability relate to food security?
In order to answer these questions, 30 DHS and MICS II surveys, 2 Sub-national UNICEF surveys from Blantyre, Malawi and Kingston, Jamaica, and 6 C-SAFE/WFP surveys were utilized. Since the core nutrition indicator (underweight) is limited to measuring the nutritional status of younger children, and the majority of orphans are adolescents, an additional food security indicator was developed. Part of the analysis of the food security status of orphans involved first validating this food security instrument that was field-tested in Blantyre and Kingston. The next section discusses the methodology used, followed by a results and a summary of main findings from this research. (Introduction)Rapport
Lorey, M.
Orphan alert: international perspectives on children left behind by HIV AIDS
2004, Sion, Switzerland, The Foundation and the Association François-Xavier Bagnoud, p. 28 p
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; Evaluation de programme; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Programmes; Qualité des soins de santé; Rapport de recherche; Recherche opérationnelle; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; Services de santé; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Asie; Asie du Sud; Ethiopie; Inde; Malawi; Ouganda; Pays en développement; ZambieRésumé : In the first of these articles, Neil Monk presents the findings of research conducted in rural villages of Uganda's Luweero district. He makes the compelling argument that the current methods used to calculate and project orphan numbers seriously underestimate the actual number of children orphaned in HIV/AIDS-affected areas. He contends that these numbers also fail to take into account the many other children who are rendered vulnerable because of the disease. He suggests an alternative mode of calculation based on a more relevant and inclusive definition of orphans. For the second article, Marta Segu and Sergut Yohannes coordinated research in Bahir Dar, a town of 135,000 in central Ethiopia with high rates of HIV prevalence and AIDS-related orphaning. The article includes a revealing account of the situation of child-headed households in Bahir Dar. The article also discusses the strong consensus among the government and nongovernmental agencies at work in the town on how to respond to the growing orphan crisis. The third article summarizes the findings of studies undertaken in three areas of India. India, with its billion people and grinding poverty, will soon become the next epicenter of the AIDS orphans crisis. To survey the orphan situation in the early stages of the pandemic's emergence, FXB supported studies led by Joana Chakraborty, Mellary Chrisstie, and John Zomingthanga in three very different areas of the sub-continent: rural villages in the northwestern state of Rajasthan, the medium-sized capital of the northeastern state of Mizoram, and the sprawling city of Calcutta. Collectively, the India studies offer a pre-crisis snapshot of the Indian orphan situation and indicate that there is serious cause for concern. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.albinasactionfororphans.org/learn/ORPHANALERT1.pdfRapport
Grassly, N. C.; Timaeus, I. M.
Orphans and AIDS in Subsaharan Africa
2003, Workshop on HIV/AIDS and Adult mortality in developing countries 8-13 September 2003, New York, UN Population Division, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, p. 16 p.
Mots clés : Enfant vulnérable; Enquête de ménage; Mortalité adulte; Orphelins; Projections démographiques; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Demographic projections based on HIV prevalence data suggest that at the end of 2002 an estimated 15 million children living in sub-Saharan Africa aged under 15 years old had lost their mother and/or father to AIDS. The African orphan crisis is revealed not only by demographic projections, but also by household surveys that ask questions about parental survival. In countries with severe HIV epidemics Demographic and Health Surveys have recorded an increase over the last decade in the fraction of children whose parents have died, and there is a significant correlation between orphanhood and adult HIV prevalence (p = 0.03).
Surveys and projections also reveal some of the characteristics of orphans that are relevant to policy. Both show on average twice as many children have a dead father than mother; both show an increasing prevalence of orphanhood with age, such that 10-14 year old children make up half of all orphans under the age of 15 years; and in countries with severe HIV epidemics, both show a significant rise in the fraction of orphans whose mother and father have died, due to the sexual transmission of HIV.
Projections can additionally be used to look more directly at the characteristics of AIDS orphans, evaluate orphanhood at ages older than 14 years and explore the impact of HIV/AIDS on child welfare other than through parental death. Including children aged 15-17 years old would increase estimates of the total number of orphans in sub-Saharan Africa at the end of 2002 from 35 to 47 million. Including 'vulnerable' children whose mother or father has AIDS would add 10% to the numbers of maternal and paternal AIDS orphans respectively. Vulnerability, however, is a nebulous concept and different aspects of a child's welfare may be put at risk by HIV/AIDS through a variety of mechanisms. To gain a better understanding of the impact of orphanhood on child welfare in different settings, in depth longitudinal studies of the orphaning process, from parental illness and death to the child's survival to adulthood (or death) are needed. (Author's modified)Rapport
Nhate, V.; Arndt, C.; Barslund, M.; Van den Broeck, K.
Orphans and Discrimination in Mozambique: An Outlay Equivalence Analysis
2005, Washington, DC, International Food Policy Research Institute - IFPRI, p. 28
Mots clés : Discrimination; ménages; Mortalité adulte; Placement familial de l'enfant; SIDA
Pays : MozambiqueRésumé : The present study employs Deaton's outlay equivalence approach to analyze potential discrimination in resource allocation within households against children who are not the biological descendant of the household head in Mozambique. High HIV prevalence in Mozambique motivates the study. The projected 800,000 AIDS related adult deaths over the period 2004-2010 will leave significant numbers of orphans in their wake. Of these, many will reside in families where the household head is not their biological parent. Results point to discrimination in the intra-household allocation of resources against children that are not direct biological descendants of the household head in poor households. This discrimination is identified at the national, rural, and urban levels In non-poor households, resource allocations between biological and non-biological children do not differ significantly. (Author's)
Site web : http://www.ifpri.org/themes/hiv/pdf/arndtetal2005.pdfRapport
UNICEF
Orphans and other children affected by HIV AIDS.
2002, UNICEF fact sheet, New York, UNICEF, HIV AIDS Unit, p. 2
Mots clés : Agences internationales; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Matériel pédagogique; ONU; Organisations; Orphelins; Personne séropositive; Population; Prévention; Prévention du Sida; procuration des soins à domicile; Recommandations; Santé; Santé de l'enfant; Services de santé; Services de santé de la mère et de l'enfant; SIDA; Soins de santé primaire; UNICEF
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : By 2001, AIDS had killed one or both parents of 13.4 million children still under the age of 15. Their ranks will soon be swelled by millions of additional children who are living with sick and dying parents. The tragedy continues to worsen as the disease kills everlarger numbers of people. By 2010, the total number of children orphaned by HIV/AIDS is expected to nearly double to 25 million. HIV/AIDS has killed more people in sub-Saharan Africa than anywhere else, and the vast majority of orphans and other children affected by HIV/AIDS are also in this region. By the end of 2001, AIDS had orphaned approximately 995,000 children in Nigeria; 989,000 in Ethiopia; 782,000 in Zimbabwe; 662,000 in South Africa; and 572,000 in Zambia. As HIV/AIDS epidemics worsen in other regions - such as in the Caribbean and in parts of Asia - the number of children orphaned by AIDS in these areas will also increase dramatically. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/publications/pub_factsheet_orphan_en.pdfRapport
Levine, A.
Orphans and Other Vulnerable Children: What Role for Social Protection?
2001, Social Protection Discussion Paper Series No. 0126, Washington, DC, Social Protection Unit, Human Development Network, The World Bank, p. 54 p.
Mots clés : Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Protection sociale; VIH/SIDARésumé : This report on a workshop held in Washington in 2001 starts by stating that the effects of HIV/AIDS on children globally represents an unprecedented crisis and argues for it to be approached through a social protection framework (Author's modified)
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000160e00.pdfRapport
Sharma, M.
Orphans in Malawi: Prevalence, Outcomes, and Targeting of Services
2005, Washington, DC, International Food Policy Research Institute, p. 33
Mots clés : Données de recensement; Données longitudinales; EDS; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Fréquentation scolaire; orphelin; Population rurale; soin des orphelins; Travail des enfants
Pays : MalawiRésumé : Given the above background, this paper addresses a number of orphan-related issues in Malawi. In Section 2, using census data, the paper describes the prevalence of orphanhood in Malawi at the national level and examines its correlation with key arealevel socioeconomic characteristics that are of interest from the policy point of view. Orphan-related data from the 2000 Demographic and Health Survey (DHS) are also presented and discussed. In Section 3, using longitudinal data from 534 rural households over the period 2000-2004, the study examines whether orphaned children are less likely to attend school compared to non-orphans and also whether or not their grade advancement over the time period is lower than that for non-orphans. In Section 4, using data from the nationally representative DHS, it examines whether orphaned children are more likely than other children to work outside the home. In Section 5, taking the case of the WFP assisted General Food Distribution1 program implemented between 2002 and 2003 with a "declared" objective of targeting, among others, households caring for
Site web : http://www.ifpri.org/themes/hiv/pdf/sharma2005.pdf
orphans, the paper examines whether the extent to this program was actually successful in reaching orphan-caring households. Conclusions are presented in Section 6.Rapport
SAfAIDS
Orphans on farms: Who cares? An exploratory study into foster care for orphaned children on commercial farms in Zimbabwe.
1996, Harare, SAfAIDS, p. 65 p
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Placement familial; Population; Rapport technique; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; ZimbabweRésumé : This study aimed to explore the possibility of developing foster care for children orphaned by AIDS on commercial farms in Zimbabwe. Methods used in data collection include interviews, focus group discussions, a self-administered questionnaire, analysis of records, and a case study. Information was obtained from representatives of the Commercial Farmers Union, farm households, as well as farm owners and managers. The study found an encouraging expression of support among the national sample of farmers (65%). Among the 10 farms studied in depth, a high degree of acceptance of the concept of fostering among farmers, key workers, general workers, and among children themselves was found. In order to achieve sustainable fostering arrangements, however, major changes and developments will be needed in the existing statutory monitoring and support for foster care. In addition, a national and local decentralized network must be developed to disburse funds and monitor quality of care. In conclusion, fostering in commercial farms is feasible with support. The development of the Farm Orphan Support Trust is timely and appropriate and has the potential to develop a sustainable infrastructure to enable individual foster schemes to succeed.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
Mulenga, C.; Kamwanga, J.; Ngwisha, J.
Orphans, Widows and Widowers in Zambia: A Situation Analysis and Options for HIV/AIDS Survival Assistance
1993, Lusaka, Institute of African Studies, UNICEF, NASTLP, Family Health Trust
Mots clés : Analyse situationnelle; Orphelins; Veuve; Veuve(s)
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; ZambieRésumé : An explanatory study which assessed the current status of the problem of supporting and maintaining the orphans, widows and widowers who survived the epidemic was conducted in the selected districts of Lusaka, Kitwe, Mansa and Sinda. Lusaka and Kitwe were expected to give a picture of the problems of orphans, widows and widowers in the urban setting while Mansa and Sinda presented rural communities and remote rural areas. Thus the study covered both the urban and rural settings. A sample size of 1007 was determined to represent the four selected areas. The study made use of interviews, structured household-sample surveys and case studies. The purpose of the interviews were to establish the extent to which the various governmental and non government organisations, bilateral donor and development agencies in Zambia were sensitive and concerned with the plight of the AIDS orphans, widows and widowers.
Site web : http://www.medguide.org.zm/aidsbibl/impact3.htm#orphanshiv
A questionnaire was used to solicit information from these agencies. The household sample surveys aimed at estimating the size of the population of orphans, widows and widowers in relation to the rest of the population and identify the magnitude of the problem or the extent to which the Zambian households in general were affected. Thus, the household sample surveys were expected to provide an indication of the incidence of orphanhood; widowhood and widowerhood. The study attempts to establish the magnitude of the problems of orphaned children, widows and widowers, evaluate the living conditions in which the orphans are being fostered and at the same time examine possible alternative assistance programmes for the orphaned children widows and widowers, in Zambia. The study established that the problem of orphanhood is an increasingly growing problem, most probably because of the increasing deaths due to HIV/AIDS.
The study found that 4 out of every 10 households in Zambia have one or more orphans under its care. Widowhood on the other hand was estimated at about 25 per cent, while widowerhood stood at 1.8 per cent. The low incidence or widowerhood was found to be largely due to remarriages. This was evident from the findings of the study which showed that only 24 per cent of the orphans had lost both parents, while 25 per cent had lost their mothers only, and the other 57 had lost their fathers. The incidence of the problem will double itself as HIV/AIDS-related deaths increase. Loss of access to the essential services was quite significant in this study. The study make a number of recommendations regarding the management of the imminent problem of looking after the orphans.Rapport
Memain-Yenou, H.; Coulibaly-Traore, D.; Msellati, P.; Tapé, G.
Orphelins du sida, une approche du problème en Cote d'Ivoire
1998, Abidjan, GISDIS-CI (Groupement Interdisciplinaire en Sciences Sociales, Cote d'Ivoire), p. 61 p.
Mots clés : Analyse Qualitative; Analyse quantitative; Changement social; Enquête; Familles; Mortalité; orphelin; SIDA; solidaritéRapport
Smart, R.
Policies for orphans and vulnerable children: a framework for moving ahead
2003, Washington, D.C., Futures Group International, POLICY Project, USAID, p. 36 p.
Mots clés : Agences gouvernementales; Caractéristiques de la population; Discrimination sociale; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Epidémiologie; Evaluation; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Planification; Politique de développement; Population; Prévention; Problèmes sociaux; Questionnaires; Rapport technique; Revue de la littérature; Santé; Santé publique; Suivi; Terminologie; USAID
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : The paper has four main objectives: To present a summary of the global OVC situation and current policy responses; To outline existing policy frameworks for responding to OVC; To identify policy-level gaps in national responses to the growing crisis of OVC; and To propose a country-level "OVC policy package" and recommendations for future policy dialogue and action. (excerpt)
Notes : English; French
Rapport
Ministry of Social Development, South Africa
Policy Framework for Orphans and Other Children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS, South Africa: "Building a Caring Society Together
2005, South Africa, Ministry of Social Development, South Africa, p. 54 p.
Mots clés : Gouvernement; Organisations; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Politique; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This document lays out South Africa's Policy Framework for orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS. The framework reflects the collective commitment of government, faith-based organisations, community-based organisations, civil society and the business sector and serves as a guiding tool to all people involved in HIV and AIDS and the children's sector. It seeks to reinforce the existing commitments and efforts to create a supportive and enabling environment for children.
The six key strategies, which will assist in developing comprehensive, integrated and quality responses for orphans and other vulnerable children at programmatic level are:
- strengthen and support the capacity of families to protect and care
- mobilise and strengthen community-based responses for the care, support and protection of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS
- ensure that legislation, policy; strategies and programmes are in place to protect the most vulnerable children
- assure access for orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS to ssential services
- raise awareness and advocate for the creation of a supportive environment for OVC
- engage the civil society sector and business community in playing an active role to support the plight of orphans and children made vulnerable by HIV and AIDS. (Author's modified)Rapport
United Nations
Population and HIV/AIDS 2005
2005, New York, Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, United Nations, p. 2 p.
Mots clés : Estimations; population mondiale; Projections; VIH/SIDARapport
Appaix, O.; Dekens, S.
Pour un plan d'action en faveur des orphelins et enfants vulnérables
2005, Volume 1: Analyse de situation, Paris, France, Orphelins Sida International
Mots clés : Aide; Analyse situationnelle; ONG; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Prise en charge; VIH/SIDARésumé : Le plaidoyer ou plan d'action en faveur des orphelins est une cartographie de la situation et des différentes prise en charge des orphelins et enfants vulnérables dans le contexte de l'épidémie de sida. Ce premier volume est une analyse de la situation de l'orphelinage et de l'enfance vulnérabilisée dans son sillage, particulièrement dans le cadre de l'épidémie du VIH/SIDA. L'objet est la compréhension de qui sont les enfants affectés, des conditions qui sont les leurs, des environnement dans lesquels ils vivent, des mécanismes sociaux et culturels prévus pour leur prise en charge. L'analyse multifactorielle (associant des éléments d'économie, de démographie, de sociologie, d'anthropologie et de psychologie), qui a guidé le travail présenté dans ce volume, amène en définitive à proposer une approche à la fois quantitative que qualitative d'un phénomène complexe, un "fait social total" pourrait-on dire.(Auteur)
Site web : http://www.orphelins-sida.org/Rapport
Service Social International; UNICEF
Pour une meilleure protection des enfants ne bénéficiant pas d'une prise en charge parentale: Le cas des enfants touchés par le VIH/sida : la nécessité urgente de normes internationales
2004, Genève, Service Social International, UNICEF, p. 8 p.
Mots clés : Aide; Droits de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Institutions internationales; Normes internationales; Prise en charge; Protection de l'enfant; VIH/SIDARapport
Ainsworth, M.; Filmer, D.
Poverty, AIDS and children's schooling: a targeting dilemma
2002, Washington, DC, World Bank, p. 41 p.
Mots clés : Age scolaire; Agences internationales; Analyse de données; Banque Mondiale; Caractéristiques de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Etudes comparatives; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Organisations; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; Prévalence; Problèmes de genre; Rapport de recherche; SIDA
Pays : Pays en développementRésumé : This paper analyzes the relationship between orphan status, household wealth, and child school enrollment using data collected in the 1990s from 28 countries in Sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean, with one country in Southeast Asia. The findings point to considerable diversity-so much so that generalizations are not possible. While there are some examples of large differentials in enrollment by orphan status, in the majority of cases the orphan enrollment gap is dwarfed by the gap between children from richer and poorer households. In some cases, even children from the top of the wealth distribution have low enrollments, pointing to fundamental issues in the supply or demand for schooling that are a constraint to higher enrollments of all children. The gap in enrollment between female and male orphans is not much different than the gap between girls and boys with living parents, suggesting that female orphans are not disproportionately affected in terms of their enrollment in most countries. These diverse findings demonstrate that the extent to which orphans are under-enrolled relative to other children is country-specific, at least in part because the correlation between orphan status and poverty is not consistent across countries. Social protection and schooling policies need to assess the specific country situation before considering mitigation measures. (author's)
Notes : English
Rapport
Barnett, T.; Whiteside, A.
Principes directeurs applicables aux études de l'impact social et économique du VIH/SIDA
2001, Collection meilleures pratiques de l'ONUSIDA, outils fondamentaux, Genève, Suisse, ONUSIDA, p. 64 p.
Mots clés : étude; études; Impact social; Impacts économiques; Méthodologie de recherche; Outils; VIH/SIDANotes : version française
Rapport
Project Concern International Zambia; Dr. Musonda Lemba, Consultant, University of Zambia,
Rapid Assessment of street children in Lusaka, Zambia
2002, Lusaka, UNICEF, Project Concern International Zambia, p. 28 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Enfants des rues; Evaluation rapide
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; ZambieRésumé : A rapid assessment of children living on the streets of Lusaka was conducted in April and May 2001 by a group of Zambian NGOs1 under the auspices of Africa KidSAFE, a network of NGOs providing services to street children, initiated jointly by Project Concern International Zambia (PCIZ) and Fountain of Hope (FOH). The main objectives of the rapid assessment were: 1) to provide information on the basic demographics, background characteristics, and needs of street children in Lusaka, 2) to provide information to NGOs, the government, and other stakeholders for planning and implementing a program of withdrawal of children from the streets, and 3) to build the capacity of NGOs to systematically gather and record information on street children. NGOs, together with the Ministry of Community Development and Social Services, provided input into the development of a questionnaire for collecting data on the street children, based on a questionnaire developed earlier by PCIZ and FOH. The NGOs assigned staff members to participate in the assessment and were trained in the use of the questionnaire and data collection
Site web : http://www.unicef.org/evaldatabase/files/ZAM_01-009.pdf
techniques. Each of the eight participating NGOs was assigned a zone of the city, where they identified street children and interviewed them using the questionnaire. Some of the NGOs also administered the questionnaire to children that were at the time residing in or attending their
respective centres. Data was entered and analyzed using SPSS, under the supervision of a consultant from the University of Zambia.Rapport
Child Rights Information Network
Reader on Children and HIV/AIDS
2004, London, Child Rights Information Network (CRIN), p. 6 p.
Mots clés : Bibliographie; Droits de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; VIH/SIDARésumé : This reader lists selected resources relating to children and HIV/AIDS. This includes basic texts that provide an overview on how HIV/AIDS affects children; key legal instruments for HIV/AIDS; best practice documents by thematic areas; and key resources for child rights and HIV/AIDS (auteur).
Notes : Le Réseau d'information des droits de l'enfant (CRIN) est un réseau mondial indépendant et non-partisan qui facilite l'échange d'informations concernant les droits de l'enfant entre les acteurs impliqués dans la réalisation et la mise en pratique de la Convention des Nations Unies relative aux droits de l'enfant: organisations non-gouvernementales (ONG), organes des Nations Unies, organisations inter-gouvernementales (OIG), institutions académiques, et autres professionels du milieu des droits de l'enfant.; Le Réseau est financé par Save the Children Sweden, Save the Children UK, Plan International et the International Save the Children Alliance. Les projets de CRIN sont aussi financés par le Fonds des Nations Unies pour les enfants (UNICEF) et Worldvision; www.crin.org
Rapport
Minki, C.; Dougherty, L.; Ventimiglia, T.; Mulenga, Y.; Jones, A.; Mukaneza, A.; Murray, N.; Buek, K.; Winfrey, W.; Amon, J.
Research Summary: The Well-Being of Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Gitarama Province, Rwanda, and Lusaka, Zambia-Findings from a Study.
2005, Community REACH Working Paper No. 2, Washington DC, Community REACH Program, Pact., USAID, p. 4 p.
Mots clés : Alimentation de l'enfant; Bien être de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Impact psychosocial; Niveau d'éducation; Rapport condensé; Santé de l'enfant; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Rwanda; ZambieRésumé : This short report summarises findings from a study investigating educational, socioeconomic, health and nutritional and psychosocial well-being of children affected by HIV and AIDS
Rapport
McKerrow, N. H.
Responses to orphaned children. A Review on the Current Situation in the Copperbelt and Southern Provinces of Zambia
1997, Research Brief n°3, Lusaka, Zambia, UNICEF (Zambia), CHIN, the Salvation Army, Family Health Trust's CINDI Project, p. 4 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; orphelin; soin des orphelins
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; ZambieRésumé : The objectives of this study were to identify any innovative or indigenous models of care for orphaned children, and to gain insights into the requirements needed to improve existing models of care.
Household interviews were used in the two survey regions (the Copperbelt and Southern Provinces). However, due to the differing nature of these communities different sampling techniques were used. Three questionnaires were prepared in English and then modified for use by local interviewers. The first was a household questionnaire, the second an orphans' questionnaire, and the third a caretakers' questionnaire. In order to identify the models of care being used, one-day workshops were held in each of the selected four communities within the two regions, with the proceedings being recorded by one of the participating community members.
The investigation found that the status of children in the participating communities was poor and that the ability of households to meet the basic needs of their members was very limited. Fifty-four percent of the children in the survey regions were orphans who had lost one or both of their parents, while 71.5 percent of the households were homes to orphans. The most frequent caretaker was the surviving parent, his/her siblings, or the orphan's grandparents. Although this showed the current cohesiveness of the Zambian extended family in the care of orphans, this network was facing a lot of stress. This was brought out by the finding that 60 percent of the caretakers were providing orphan care rather reluctantly, largely because there was no one else prepared to do so.
Unlike their urban counterparts, rural households were better able to feed their members. However, fewer rural children were able to attend school, whereas more were able to in the urban areas.
The community workshops failed to identify any new innovative models for the care of orphaned children. They did however create an increased local awareness of the problems facing both them and their children.
A four tier response to the problem of orphans was developed and discussed. The workshop participants insisted that this be recognised and developed with the assistance of local communities. The role-players in the four-tier response are (1) the family, which must identify children at risk and orphans and provide the basic day to day needs of the children as well as emotional support; (2) the community, which must support both the orphans and the caretakers as well as act as a forum for lobbying authorities to assist in providing an effective response to their needs; (3) the churches, NGOs and CBOs, who should coordinate all responses whilst also providing material support and support services; and (4) the state, which must develop local infrastructure, empower state personnel, create an enabling environment at all levels, modify state services, and facilitate funding of grassroots responses.Rapport
Family Health International; USAID/Zambia
Results of the Orphans and Vulnerable Children Head of Household Baseline Survey in four districts in Zambia
2002, Lusaka, USAID, SCOPE-OVC, Family Health International, p. 84 p.
Mots clés : Changement; Communautés; Conditions de vie; Education; Enquête de base; Evaluation; Facteurs psychosociaux; Familles; ménages; Mortalité adulte; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Relations au sein du ménage; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; ZambieRésumé : Because of the growing problem facing children and families in Zambia, Strengthening Community Participation for the Empowerment of Orphans and Vulnerable Children (SCOPE-OVC) was created in 1999. The goal of SCOPE-OVC is to mitigate the impact of HIV/AIDS on OVC in Zambia. In order to measure changes in the situation faced by children and families affected by the loss of adult family members since the establishment of SCOPE-OVC, a multiphase evaluation of the situation was undertaken. The second phase of the evaluation, conducted in February 2001, was a baseline assessment of households caring for OVC. This report is the analysis of the OVC household baseline survey. Key variables included education, household relationships, household access to support services, and psychosocial and emotional well-being. (Author's modified)
Site web : http://www.fhi.org/NR/rdonlyres/e6tibkkfrvzckhtxrbi5cqq3kwbgv4tcgqt5psjctjhmon3f5pfh76rshre2azqks53nligelsgmbm/HHHOVCREPORTfinal.pdfRapport
Children's Institute
Service providers working together to help children in the time of HIV and AIDS
2005, Cape Town, Children's Institute, University of Cape Town, p. 12 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Méthodologie de recherche; VIH/SIDA; Vulnérabilité
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : This booklet is for teachers, health workers, home-based carers, community workers, volunteers and social workers. It highlights ways these and other service providers can work together to help children in this time of HIV and AIDS.
Tips for identifying children in need are presented, as well as case studies of how service providers in different parts of South Africa are finding ways of helping children in need. The paper additionally attempts to dispell some of the myths surrounding children orphaned through both HIV/AIDS and other causes.
The information and recommendations in this pamphlet come from an in-depth multi-site qualitative research study conducted by the Children's Institute exploring the life experiences of children in communities heavily affected by AIDS. It also looked at the experiences of their caregivers and service providers. (author's modified)Rapport
Mudenda, G.; Mulenga, S.; Mwanza, E.; Ndubani, P.; Loudon, M.
Situation Analysis of Orphans in Zambia: Assessment of Practices for the Care and Support of Orphans
1999, Lusaka, UNICEF, USAID, Study Fund of the Social Recovery Project, p. 43
Mots clés : Analyse situationnelle; Evaluation; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; ZambieRésumé : The Assessment of Practices for the Care and Support of Orphans, which is the subject of this report, forms one component of a Situation Analysis of Orphans in Zambia, commissioned by the Study Fund of the Social Recovery Project on behalf of UNICEF, SIDA and USAID. Other components of the study are reported separately.
Site web : http://www.harare.unesco.org/hivaids/webfiles/Electronic%20Versions/SituationAnalysisofOrphansinzambiaAssesment.doc
This report is structured as follows:
1.1. A compilation of the information gathered from the 13 projects visited, emphasising strengths and weaknesses, categorised as follows:
· Identification of orphans and other vulnerable children
· Community-based fundraising
· Income generating activities
· Agricultural programmes
· Educational programmes
· Skills training for orphans
· Counselling and psychological support for orphans
· HIV/AIDS education and awareness
· Institutional care of orphans
· Community "mobilisation" on orphans
1.2. This compilation is followed by the team's
· Conclusions, and
· Recommendations
1.3. For readers wishing to know more about the individual projects visited, or about the context in which the above observations or conclusions were made, a series of Field Reports is appended, summarising the information gathered for each project according to the following headings:
· Background
· Project
· Lessons learned (Executive Summary)Rapport
Stein, J.
Sorrow makes children of us all: a literature review on the psycho-social impact of HIV/AIDS on children
2003, CSSR Working paper N°47, Cape Town, Centre for social science research, University of Cape Town, p. 37 p.
Mots clés : Enfant; Enfants; Impact psychosocial; orphelin; Revue de la littérature; VIH/SIDARésumé : This review describes the available research literature regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on children, who are often referred to as OVCs (orphans and vulnerable children). It draws on the academic literature, including both published and unpublished research papers, books and reports regarding children who have a parent living with, or has died of, HIV/AIDS. The review focuses predominantly on African research. Children who are themselves infected with HIV are not covered in this review. Clearly, children with HIV/AIDS have unique needs and challenges which warrant separate consideration.
Site web : http://www.irinnews.org/wp47.pdf
The review begins by looking at the general academic literature regarding the impact of HIV/AIDS on children. In section one, it is argued that the emphasis on, firstly, orphanhood and, secondly, financial deprivation have both been counter-productive to defining the research agenda regarding OVCs more broadly.
Section two focuses on research findings regarding the psychological impact of (a) living with a parent with AIDS and (b) being orphaned as a result of AIDS.
Research findings suggest that if there is any one aspect of HIV/AIDS as a cause of parental death that stands out as the most significant difference in determining its increased psycho-social impact on OVCs, then this is the social stigma attached to the disease.
In section three, empirical evidence regarding the type of adjustment difficulties experienced by OVCs is explored. It is argued that, although the evidence suggests that OVCs, especially orphans, are prone to depression, there is very little research evidence to suggest that OVCs are more prone to delinquent or anti-social behaviours than other children from similar socio-economic backgrounds.
Section four and five of the review focus on issues surrounding disclosure of an HIV positive diagnosis or AIDS-related death to children, and the kinds ofdifficulties practitioners may encounter when helping caregivers and children come to terms with HIV/AIDS sickness, death and dying. A clinical overview of children's conception of death and dying is presented, and implications for intervention are briefly outlined. (Overview)Rapport
USAID; UNICEF
Strengthening National Response: Southern Africa Workshop on OVCs
2003, Workshop Report, Maseru, Lesotho, 10-14 November 2003, USAID, UNICEF, p. 50 p.
Mots clés : Atelier de travail; Conférences et congrès; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du SudRésumé : Representatives from 10 Southern African countries attended this workshop in Maseru, Lesotho to share the skills needed to fulfill their international commitments to orphans and other vulnerable children. The five themes of the workshop were: participatory situation analysis, national action plans, monitoring and evaluation, policy and legislative review, and national consultation and coordinating structures.
Rapport
Locoh, T.
Structures familiales et évolutions de la fécondité dans les pays à fécondité intermédiaire d'Afrique de l'Ouest
2002, Paris, INED, n°112, p. 23
Mots clés : Age au mariage; autonomisation; baisse de la fécondité; Baisse de la fécondité; Cohabitation; Contraception; Facteurs liés à la fécondité; relation conjugale; Structure familiale
Pays : Afrique de l'OuestNotes : Français
Rapport
Nyangara, F.
Sub-national distribution and situation of orphans: an analysis of the President's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief Focus Countries
2004, Washington, D.C., USAID, Bureau for Africa, Office of Sustainable Development, p. 56 p.
Mots clés : Analyse de données; Analyse multivariée; Caractéristiques de la population; Caractéristiques de résidence; Charges de famille; Composition de la population; Dynamique de la population; Effectif scolaire; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Enquête démographique et de santé; Enquêtes démographiques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs géographiques; Facteurs microéconomiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Niveau d'éducation; Niveau socio-économique; Organisation de vie; Orphelins; Population; Rapport de recherche
Pays : Afrique; Amériques; Caraïbes; Pays en développementRésumé : This study utilized available Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and Multiple Indicator Cluster Surveys (MICS) household survey data to analyze the sub-national geographical distribution and living situations of orphans in the African and Caribbean countries identified for special assistance by President Bush's Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief. The analysis provides information about the communities where orphaned children reside within countries and these children's living situations, which is necessary for national and targeted policies to care for orphans and other vulnerable children. Some of the important findings follow below. Foremost, there is no doubt that adverse effects of orphan status on school enrollment exist in most countries, even after controlling for other confounding factors. Double orphans in Ethiopia, Kenya, Mozambique, and Tanzania were less likely to be enrolled in school than non-orphans. Similarly, maternal orphans in Ethiopia, Haiti, and Rwanda, and paternal orphans in four countries (Ethiopia, Haiti, Kenya, and Nigeria) were less likely to enroll in school than non-orphans. However, there were some unexpected significant results showing that paternal orphans in Namibia and maternal orphans in Mozambique and Nigeria were more likely to enroll in school than non-orphans. (excerpt)
Notes : English
Rapport
Population Council; Horizons
Succession planning in Uganda: early outreach for AIDS-affected children and their families.
2003, Research Summary, Washington, D.C., Population Council, Horizons, p. 8 p.
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Amis et Parents; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Effets d'âge; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Entretiens; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Héritage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Lien de parenté; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Parents; Personne séropositive; Population; Programmes; Propriété; Rapport de recherche; Recueil de données
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : Uganda has been widely recognized for lowering HIV incidence. However, because so many adults were previously infected and given the long period between HIV infection and death from AIDS, the number of orphaned children is still rising. By the end of 2001, there were were 880,000 children under the age of 15 living in Uganda who had lost one or both parents to HIV/AIDS. But these orphans represent only the tip of the iceberg, since there are many more vulnerable children whose parents are alive but living with HIV infection. Evidence suggests that the negative impacts of HIV/ AIDS affect children long before parents die, beginning when a parent's health starts to decline. Yet few programs exist to help families before a parent's death, and there is little research on the effectiveness of existing programs for AIDS-affected children. (excerpt)
Notes : English; Reprinted with the permission of population council
Rapport
World Vision
Summary of OVC programming approaches
2002, Geneva, World Vision, p. 10 p.
Mots clés : Organisations non gouvernementale; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Programme; VIH/SIDARésumé : This document summarizes two approaches developed by World Vision to respond to the crisis of orphans and other highly vulnerable children (OVC) in HIV/AIDS-affected areas. Approach 1 covers introduction of OVC-focused programming to areas where World Vision is already implementing child sponsorship programs. Approach 2 involves initiation of new OVC-focused programming in areas where World Vision is not yet operational.
Site web : http://wvioaptus.wvi.org/africa.nsf/0/d540295eb185a41e43256ba300219f7d/$FILE/WV%20OVC%20Prog%20Summary%20-%204-15-02.doc; http://wvioaptus.wvi.org/africa.nsf/0/d540295eb185a41e43256ba300219f7d?OpenDocument&ExpandSection=9%2C2#_Section9Rapport
Wexler, D. B.
Summary of proceedings: 1988 Conference for Health, Population, and Nutrition Officers, Bureau for Africa, A.I.D, March 20-23, 1988, Yamoussoukro, Cote d'Ivoire
1988, Arlington, Virginia, International Science and Technology Institute, Inc., Population Technical Assistance Project, p. 37 p.
Mots clés : Activités financières; Agences gouvernementales; Caractéristiques de la population; Conférences et congrès; Contraception; Durée de vie; Dynamique de la population; Echec de la contraception; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Espérance de vie; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Fécondité; Fonds; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure de la fécondité; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Nutrition; Organisations; Planification familiale; Population; Pratique de la contraception; Santé; SIDA; Statistiques; Taux de natalité; USAID
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : This conference was the 1st in nearly 4 years to be held for the Bureau for Africa health, population, and nutrition officers and was the first time in 7 years that this conference has been held in Africa. 1 major concern of this conference was the new $500 million Development Fund for Africa, which had been evolving over the last 18 months and became law as part of the Agency for International Development (AID) Continuing Resolution before the conference. The conference was held from March 20-23, 1988. It opened with a discussion of the Development Fund for Africa and contributed a portion of the last day to its further discussion. March 21 focused on population and family planning and March 22 was devoted to health and nutrition issues. Discussion of population and family planning issues began with an overview by Duff Gillespie, Agency Director for Population. This was followed by 5 country reports and 3 panels on increasing emphasis on more effective contraceptive methods, developing new ways to deliver services, and achieving a degree of program sustainability. The sessions on health were opened by Charles DeBose, Regional Health Officer, REDSO/WCA, and were divided equally between child survival activities in Africa and AID's response to the Acquired Immunodeficiency syndrome emergency in Africa. On the final day there were also several presentations covering topics of general interest to health and population officers. Every conference participant was assigned to 1 of 6 Working Groups: Population/Family Planning Strategy, Child Survival Strategy, HIV/AIDS, program sustainability, private enterprise and private voluntary organizations, and human resource development. The groups presented their conclusions and recommendations at the closing session. Special ad hoc committees were established to make recommendations for AID/Washington in the areas of personnel issues, "orphan projects," and Sahel projects.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
National Bureau of Statistics; Inc., Macro International
Tanzania Reproductive and Child Health Survey 1999
2000, Dar es Salaam, Calverton, National Bureau of Statistics, Macro International Inc, p. 169
Mots clés : Caractéristiques du ménage; EDS; Enquêtes; Fécondité; Nutrition; Planification familiale; Santé de l'enfant; Santé de la mère; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; TanzanieRésumé : Final reports are produced for most DHS surveys. Comprehensive survey results are published in the DHS Final Reports approximately 8-12 months after the completion of fieldwork. Standard reports are approximately 200 pages in length and include, but are not limited to, topics such as: household and respondent characteristics, fertility and family planning, maternal and child health, nutrition, and HIV/AIDS.
Site web : http://www.measuredhs.com/pubs/pub_details.cfm?ID=280&srchTp=ctryRapport
Dayton, J.; Ainsworth, M.
The elderly and AIDS: coping strategies and health consequences in rural Tanzania
2002, Policy Research Division Working Papers No. 160, New York, Population Council, p. 25 p.
Mots clés : Adulte; Agé; Caractéristiques de la population; Classe inférieure; Classe sociale; Décès; Dynamique de la population; Effets d'âge; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; Mortalité; Niveau socio-économique; Population; Population rurale; Rapport condensé; Santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développement; TanzanieRésumé : The elderly are often especially likely to be adversely affected by the death of prime-aged adults from AIDS. The authors use a longitudinal survey of households from northwestern Tanzania in 1991-94 to compare the activities and well-being of the elderly in households before and after the death of a prime-aged adult with those of the elderly in households that did not experience the death of an adult. A significant proportion of adults suffering from AIDS return to their parents' home shortly before death. Time spent by the elderly performing household chores rises following an adult's death, and their participation in wage employment falls; no evidence is found of increased participation in farm work among the elderly. Evidence shows that the physical well-being of the elderly as measured by body mass index is reduced before the death of an adult relative but recovers thereafter. These results suggest that interventions to prevent a decline in well-being should be focused on the elderly in households with an AIDS patient during the period of illness. Finally, the physical well-being of the elderly in poor and better-off households prior to an adult's death is compared with that of the elderly in the poorest households that did not experience the death of an adult. The comparison indicates clearly that the poor have the lowest body mass index. Thus, deaths of adults from AIDS are likely to have the largest adverse impacts on the elderly in poor households. A broader group of elderly poor people with pervasive low health status should also be the focus of public policy designed to improve the welfare of the elderly. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.popcouncil.org/pdfs/wp/160.pdfRapport
Gulaid, L. A.
The framework for the protection, care and support of orphans and vulnerable children living in a world with HIV and AIDS
2004, New York, US, UNICEF; UNAIDS; USAID; UNESCO; CARE; CIRA; Bernard Van Leer Foundation; CSA; DFID; FHI; The Global Fund; Global AIDS Alliance; World Food Program; FAO; Columbia University; World Vision, p. 23 p.
Mots clés : Aide à l'enfance; Caractéristiques de la famille; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Critique; Discrimination sociale; Elevage de l'enfant; Elevege de l'enfant; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille élargie; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Programmes; SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The framework is based on lessons learned over many years. It considers families and communities as the foundation of an effective, scaled-up response. Children, too, can be powerful agents of change, a role that enhances their confidence and self-esteem as they become partners in the fight against HIV/AIDS. In addition, the framework recommends that interventions that result from it be directed to all vulnerable children and the communities in which they reside, and integrated into other programmes to promote child welfare and reduce poverty. Targeting children living with HIV or AIDS or orphaned as a result of it will only serve to exacerbate the stigma and discrimination against them. The framework's key strategies are as follows: 1. Strengthen the capacity of families to protect and care for orphans and vulnerable children by prolonging the lives of parents and providing economic, psychosocial and other support; 2. Mobilize and support community-based responses; 3. Ensure access for orphans and vulnerable children to essential services, including education, health care, birth registration and others; 4. Ensure that governments protect the most vulnerable children through improved policy and legislation and by channelling resources to families and communities; 5. Raise awareness at all levels through advocacy and social mobilization to create a supportive environment for children and families affected by HIV/AIDS. (excerpt)
Notes : English; French
Site web : http://www.synergyaids.com/documents/unicef_Framework_English.pdfRapport
Desmond, C.; Michael, K.; Gow, J.
The Hidden Battle: HIV/AIDS in the Family and Community
2000, Durban, South Africa, Health Economics HIV/AIDS Research Division (HEARD), University of Natal, p. 22 p.
Mots clés : Adulte; Caractéristiques de la population; Communication; Effets d'âge; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs macroéconomiques; Impact; Infection à VIH; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Rapport condensé; Science Economique; Sciences sociales; SIDARésumé : The AIDS epidemic will cause significant increases in illness and death in prime age adults. This will affect both households and communities. Prime age adult illness and death will manifest itself through negative social, economic and developmental impacts.
The economic impacts at the household level of the epidemic are decreased income, increased costs, decreased productive capacity and changing expenditure patterns.
Three coping strategies are observed: altering household composition; withdrawing savings or selling assets; receiving assistance from other households. Following death, the impacts break out of the family into the community, primarily through orphaning. In the near future, the sheer number of orphans may overwhelm the capacity of existing community resources to cope. The distribution of the impacts of the AIDS epidemic falls unevenly among the genders. Women have higher infection rate and bear a disproportionate burden of the care of HIV-positive people. Orphaned girls are more vulnerable to exploitation. (Author's)Rapport
Ainsworth, M.; Semali, J.
The impact of adult deaths on children's health in nordwestern Tanzania
2000, Washington, DC, World Bank, p. 37 p.
Mots clés : Interventions sanitaires; Mortalité adulte; Pauvreté; Santé de l'enfant; VIH/SIDA
Pays : TanzanieRésumé : The AIDS epidemic is dramatically increasing mortality of adults in many Sub-Saharan African countries, with potentially severe consequences for surviving family members. Until now, most of these impacts had not been quantified.
Ainsworth and Semali examine the impact of adult mortality in Tanzania on three measures of health among children under five: morbidity, height for age, and weight for height. The children hit hardest by the death of a parent or other adult are those in the poorest households, those with uneducated parents, and those with the least access to health care.
Ainsworth and Semali also show how much three important health interventions can do to mitigate the impact of adult mortality: immunization against measles oral rehydration salts access to health care.
These programs disproportionately improve health outcomes among the poorest children and, within that group, among children affected by adult mortality. In Tanzania there is so much poverty and child health indicators are so low that these interventions should be targeted as much as possible to the poorest households, where the children hit hardest by adult mortality are most likely to be found. (Conceivably, the targeting strategy for middle-income countries with severe AIDS epidemics, such as Thailand, or countries with less poverty and better child health indicators might be different.) [autor]Rapport
Brookes, H.; Shisana, O.; Richter, L.
The national household HIV prevalence and risk survey of South African children
2004, CapeTown, South Africa, Human Sciences Research Council, HSRC Publishers, p. 64 p.
Mots clés : Abus sexuel; Adolescent; Adolescents; Avant le mariage; Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Connaissance de la laboratoire; Délit; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Mesure; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Prévalence; Problèmes sociaux; Questionnaires; Rapport de recherche; Transmission de la mère à l'enfant
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : The main objective of the study was to determine HIV prevalence amongst South African children from 2 to 14 years of age. We also sought to identify social and community risk factors that predispose children to HIV infection, as well as the impact of the epidemic on children in terms of orphan status and child-headed households. Finally, the study examined children's knowledge of HIV and HIV prevention, their knowledge about sexual behaviour and HIV as well as their own patterns of sexual behaviour and changes in that behaviour. As a research team we made sure that the children participating in the study were treated with the utmost respect, and that all field workers received ethical guidelines and training pertaining to the inclusion of children. Our findings show clearly that risk environments, levels of care and protection, as well as of knowledge and communication about sex and HIV influence a child's vulnerability to HIV infection. We hope that this report will open the debate about how best to deal with the particular vulnerability of children and that organisations working with and for children will benefit from this information. We hope that the knowledge and recommendations made in this study will help prevent new infections among children. (author's)
Notes : English
Site web : http://www.hsrcpress.ac.za/user_uploads/tblPDF/2005_00_National_Household_HIV_Prevalence_Risk_Survey_SA.pdfRapport
Panos Institute
The orphans of AIDS: breaking the vicious circle.
1997, Panos AIDS Information Sheet No. 18, London, Panos Institute, p. 3 p.
Mots clés : Caractéristiques de la population; Discrimination sociale; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Orphelins; Pauvreté; Population; Problèmes sociaux; procuration des soins à domicile; Revue de la littérature; Santé; Services de santé; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Pays en développementRésumé : This document discusses the orphans of AIDS in Africa. Children who lose a parent to AIDS suffer the grief and confusion experienced by any orphan, but their loss is often worsened by prejudice and social exclusion, by the loss of education, health care, even of the property they are entitled to inherit should the second parent die as well. The resulting poverty and isolation can create a vicious circle, placing them at greater risk of contracting HIV themselves.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/basic.htmlRapport
Muchiru, S.M
The rapid assessment on the situation of orphans in Botswana
1998, Gaborone, Ministry of Health, AIDS/STD Unit, p. 35
Mots clés : Droits de l'Homme; Evaluation des besoins; SIDA
Pays : Botswana
Site web : http://blds.ids.ac.uk/cgi-bin/dbtcgi.exeRapport
Save the Children
The role of stigma and discrimination in increasing the vulnerability of children and youth infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS
2001, Arcadia, Save the Children UK, South Africa Programme, p. 70 p.
Mots clés : Atelier de travail; Caractéristiques de la population; Discrimination sociale; Education; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Programmes; Rapport condensé
Pays : Afrique; Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; Pays en développementRésumé : Save the Children (UK) commissioned a situational analysis of existing knowledge and responses to stigma and discrimination against children and youth infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS. This document reports on the participatory workshops that explore the role of stigma and discrimination in increasing the vulnerability of children and youth affected by HIV/AIDS. The aspects of the terms of reference that relate to the participatory workshops are presented. It also includes a presentation of the findings of the workshops. These findings are analyzed in terms of two focus areas, namely, how stigma and discrimination increase the vulnerability of children infected with and affected by HIV/AIDS and on how HIV/AIDS impacts on children and youth's access to their rights. Finally, this document provides some recommendations on a strategy for intervention in relation to the data collected through the participatory workshops.
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Dunn, A.
The social consequences of HIV AIDS in Uganda
1992, Working Paper No. 2, London, Save the Children UK, p. 25 p.
Mots clés : Amis et Parents; Bien être social; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; étude; études; Etudes de cas; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Famille et ménage; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Orphelins; Population; Problèmes sociaux; Rapport condensé; réseaux sociaux; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : This report compiles information necessary for the development of resources from government and nongovernmental agencies in Uganda in dealing with children orphaned due to AIDS. This study includes the enumeration of orphaned children in Rakai, Masaka, Luwero, and Hoima districts of Uganda and the definition of the essential services needed to care for these children in these districts. For Rakai district only, the study aims to identify existing resources and service networks available to orphans, to identify ways to support and strengthen existing networks, to identify the potential stresses to the community support systems, to create a system of support services, and to document project efforts for potential implementation elsewhere. The study includes a needs assessment and focus group sessions in Rakai. Initial enumeration was verified in a sample enumeration that identified over- and under-enumeration problems. Findings indicate that an estimated 12.81% of children aged under 18 years were orphaned in 1991 in Rakai district. There were 4.95% orphaned in Masaka district, 5.62% in Luwero district, and 4.40% in Hoima district. In Rakai, 23% of orphaned children were missing both parents compared to only 12.5% in Hoima. Findings suggest that total AIDS deaths leveled out in Rakai in 1989, but female AIDS deaths are still increasing. Thus the number of double orphans will increase. Age distribution of orphans differed by district from national estimates. While 41% of Ugandan orphans were aged under 5 years, only 15.6% of Rakai's orphans, 15.5% of Masaka's, 7.55 of Luwero's, and 10.9% of Hoima's were aged under 5 years. Findings suggest a higher infant mortality from neglect by carers. Distributions are reported by gender, educational level, and guardian relationship. The authors discuss the implications for psychological adjustment and the potential erosion of traditional community coping mechanisms from the continued use of the English word "orphan.
Notes : English
Site web : http://synkronweb.aidsalliance.org/graphics/OVC/documents/0000205e00.pdfRapport
Booysen, F.; Bachmann, M.; Van Rensburg, H. C. J.; Engelbrecht, M.; Steyn, F.; Meyer, K.
The Socio-Economic Impact of HIV/AIDS on Households in South Africa: Pilot Study in Welkom and Qwaqwa, Free State Province
2002, Bloemfontein, South Africa, University of the Free State, Centre for Health Systems Research Development, p. 169 p.
Mots clés : Entretiens; étude; études; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Impact social; ménages; Méthodologie de recherche; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : The impact of HIV/AIDS on households was assessed by means of a longitudinal (cohort) study of households affected by the disease. The CHSR D established a formal relationship with various stakeholders in the two study sites to facilitate the recruitment of affected households. Verbal informed consent was obtained from infected individuals to interview the households to which they belong. The household impact of HIV/AIDS was determined by comparing over time the observed trends in health outcomes and socioeconomic variables in HIV/AIDS-affected households and a control group using statistical methods. For this purpose, a survey on the quality of life and the economics of affected and non-affected households was conducted. The results reported in this report are based on the analysis of data from two panels of interviews conducted with a total of 387 households.
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Haan, N.; Marsland, N.; Oliveira, L.
Towards identifying impacts of HIV/AIDS on Food Insecurity in Southern Africa and Implications for responses: findings from Malawi, Zambia and Zimbabwe
2003, Harare, Southern Africa Development Community, Food, Agriculture, and National Resources Vulnerability Assessment Committee, p. 30 p.
Mots clés : Sécurité alimentaire; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Malawi; Zambie; ZimbabweRésumé : This document uses the data generated from emergency food security assessments conducted in Malawi and Zambia in August and December 2002, and from Zimbabwe in August 2002. It studies the relationship between HIV/AIDS proxy variables and food security parameters.
The paper states that advocacy groups should emphasize HIV and AIDS as a livelihoods and rights issue. It focuses on a critical question for programming, policy, advocacy and research: What can be done to prevent, slow or even reverse a downward spiraling livelihood trajectory for HIV/AIDS affected households?
Finally, the document suggests that a key area for future research will be to track AIDS infected and affected households of different types through time, to see how resilient or vulnerable they are to livelihood shocks and longer-term trends. (Author's modified)Notes : Full text permission has been granted by the SADC FANR Regional Vulnerability Committee
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Topouzis, D.
Uganda: the socio-economic impact of HIV AIDS on rural families with an emphasis on youth
1994, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), p. 67 p.
Mots clés : Biologie; Caractéristiques de la population; Comportement; Comportement sexuel; Effets d'âge; Enquêtes; étude; études; Etudes par sondage; Facteurs de risques; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Facteurs socioéconomiques; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Méthodologie de recherche; Population; Population rurale; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique de l'Est; Afrique subsaharienne; Ouganda; Pays en développementRésumé : In Uganda, 80% of those affected with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are 15-45 years of age--a trend that has serious implications for the country's future social and economic development. Of particular concern is the finding that newly diagnosed HIV infections include 10% more women than men. The Government of Uganda's acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) plan prioritizes the reduction of women's inequality and vulnerability to HIV as well as interventions aimed at youth. To facilitate national planning, field research was conducted in three diverse but representative districts--Kabarole, Tororo, and Gulu. The pattern of HIV/AIDS was found to vary according to geographic area, ethnicity, agro-ecological conditions, religion, gender, age, and marital status. Widespread, however, was the existence of young AIDS widows with dependent children entrenched in poverty. Knowledge of HIV was low, especially among young women and out-of-school youth, and individuals tend to blame their partners for HIV infection, without considering their own high-risk behaviors. The prevalence of high-risk sexual behaviors has been intensified by war and civil strife, disillusionment with agriculture and a shift toward petty trade in urban areas, high school drop-out rates, alcohol and drug abuse, and general demoralization. Needed are educational interventions that address the socio-cultural contextual factors (e.g., alcohol and drug abuse, bars and discos, early first intercourse, ritual cleansing and wife inheritance) that contribute to young people's AIDS risk. Moreover, if AIDS prevention campaigns are to be effective, young people must be involved in the generation of appropriate messages. Programs aimed at providing youth with income-generating opportunities, management training, recreation, health education, and communication skills are likely to be most effective.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
Foster, G.
Under the Radar - Community Safety Nets for Children Affected by HIV/AIDS in Poor Households in Sub-Saharan Africa
2005, Zimbabwe, United Nations Research Institute For Social Developpment (UNRISD), p. 65 p.
Mots clés : Communautés; Enfant; Enfants; Famille élargie; ménages; Organisations non gouvernementale; orphelin; Programme; VIH/SIDA
Pays : Afrique subsaharienneRésumé : Safety nets are formal or informal mechanisms that mitigate the effects of poverty and other risks on vulnerable households during times of severe stress. In sub-Saharan Africa, the extended family, assisted by the community at large, is by far the most effective response for people facing household crises. Since state-administered support is non-existent throughout most of Africa, social insurance for most people is provided through kinship ties that enable household members to access economic, social, psychological and emotional support from their relatives in times of need.
Many more households are now being affected by social and economic crises as a result of HIV/AIDS and extended family support systems are being increasingly stressed. Many of those affected rely upon community members, including neighbours, friends and community associations, to cope with the impacts of AIDS on their households. Yet though frequently alluded to, community safety nets are poorly understood, especially in relation to HIV/AIDS and have been inadequately described. This paper provides a review of published literature concerning community safety nets and assesses previously documented examples of their functioning, especially in relation to households and children affected by HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa.
Section 2 outlines organized and formal private systems and those that operate at household, family and civil society levels. Formal and informal safety nets provide support to households facing social and economic crises:
· Non-governmental organizations (NGOs) and governments provide formal and public sector safety nets using mechanisms such as price subsidies, public works, food or micro-credit programmes and cash transfers to targeted households through pensions and allowances.
· Informal systems involve transfers or exchange of cash, food, clothing, informal loans, assistance with work or child-care and the provision of accommodation. These informal and private safety net mechanisms may be provided by:
o Relatives belonging to extended families
o Community members, either individually or corporately
The section discusses the limitations of public safety nets and describes the relationship between activities designed to build the economic resources of households and those that act as safety nets to households facing destitution. The inter-relationship between extended family and community safety nets is depicted.
Section 3 describes the impact of HIV/AIDS on households and children at three different stages:
o following the onset of illness;
o death;
o long-term consequences for orphans.
The section outlines the direct and indirect economic costs to households and the consequences of these impacts including migration and household disintegration.
Section 4 describes the ways in which households coping with the impact of HIV/AIDS seek to improve their food security and maintain their household expenditure patterns by raising or maintaining their income, by adopting three main strategies:
o Drawing down savings or selling assets
o Altering household composition:
o Utilizing assistance from other households
Section 5 considers the ways in which households affected by HIV/AIDS cope. The section considers both formal and informal support mechanisms and summarises evidence concerning the nature and timing of informal transfers and the relative value of transfers from relatives and community members.
Section 6 considers the dimensions, mechanisms, strengths and deficiencies of community safety nets. The components of community safety nets are considered by examining the roles of social support groups, informal associations, self-help groups, community-based and faith-based organizations, as well as the roles played by individuals and local businesses in providing support and economic services within communities. Six broad components of community safety nets may be considered in relation to the support of households affected by HIV/AIDS:
(1) savings associations to which households in crisis belong
(2) business and agricultural cooperatives to which households in crisis belong
(3) loan providers and savings collectors providing services to households in crisis
(4) philanthropic groups providing support to households in crisis
(5) philanthropic individuals providing support to households in crisis
(6) community groups providing support to people affected by HIV/AIDS
Section 7 analyses the functioning of community safety nets by considering the extent and effectiveness of community safety nets, the types of households that access them, and the occasions for and methods of accessing community safety nets. The section summarises changes in community safety net mechanisms that have taken place as a result of HIV/AIDS and considers the resilience of community coping mechanisms.
Section 8 considers the role of governments, NGOs and the World Bank in strengthening or undermining community safety nets whilst section 9 outlines some of the research questions that could give more focus to what is needed to build virtuous cycles of support between
households, community safety nets, and state or NGOs responses.
Following this review, a separately-funded study will be conducted in Zimbabwe to measure the amount and type of support provided by community members to needy households affected by HIV/AIDS containing children so that the dimensions of the community safety net in relation to HIV/AIDS-affected households can be better defined. (Executive Summary, Author's)Notes : Prepared for the UNRISD / Training and Research Support Centre programme on Community Responses to HIV and AIDS
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Birdthistle, I.
Understanding the Needs of orphans and other children affected by HIV and AIDS in Africa: The states of the Science
2004, Washington, DC, AED, USAID, p. 42 p.
Mots clés : Bibliographie; Enfant; Enfants; orphelin; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Rapport de recherche; Revue de la littérature; USAID
Pays : AfriqueRésumé : This review was undertaken to summarize the findings that represent the most up-to-date understanding of issues affecting orphans and other vulnerable children. (Author's)
Site web : http://sara.aed.org/ovc-tc/documents/pubs/OVC-SOTA.pdfRapport
USAID
USAID Project Profiles: Children Affected by HIV/AIDS
2005, Fourth Edition, Washington, DC, USAID, p. 268 p.
Mots clés : Activités de programme; Activités financières; Assistance technique; Caractéristiques de la population; Effets d'âge; Enfant; Enfants; Facteurs démographiques; Facteurs économiques; Fonds; Infection à VIH; Jeunesse; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations et administration; Population; Programmes; Rapport technique; SIDA
Pays : Afrique; Amérique du Nord; Amérique Latine; Amériques; Asie; Caraïbes; Europe; Pays développé; Pays en développementRésumé : This fourth edition of USAID Project Profiles: Children Affected by HIV/AIDS presents profiles of 114 projects (90 country-specific, 12 regional, and 12 global) funded by USAID. The diversity of these projects demonstrates the determination of the U.S. government - and specifically USAID - to meet the wide variety of needs of children and adolescents affected by HIV/AIDS. Documenting their activities is designed to promote an exchange of ideas and information, leverage technical and financial resources, and encourage partnerships, collaboration, and coordination among programs supported by USAID, other U.S. agencies, new partners, and other donors.
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USAID
USAID responds to HIV AIDS: a report on the fiscal year 1994 HIV AIDS prevention programs of the USAID
1994, Washington, D.C, USAID, p. 72 p.
Mots clés : Activités de programme; Activités financières; Agences gouvernementales; Facteurs économiques; Infection à VIH; Infections; Infections de l'appareil génital; Maladie sexuellement transmissible; Maladie virale; Maladies; Organisations; Organisations et administration; Prévention; Prévention du Sida; Prévention du VIH; Programmes; Rapport Annuel; SIDA; USAID
Pays : Europe; Pays en développementRésumé : This report details US Agency for International Development (USAID) HIV/AIDS prevention programs during fiscal year 1994. USAID began responding to the HIV/AIDS epidemic in 1986 by supporting multilateral activities and regional and bilateral programs in more than 40 countries. Its focus is on minimizing further spread of HIV and moderating the epidemic's effect on sustainable development. Over the last eight years, USAID has provided more than $700 million to HIV/AIDS programs. USAID HIV/AIDS prevention projects employ dependable strategies to reduce sexual risk behavior. A strategic assessment is first done to understand the target audience, the factors that influence sexual behavior, and available resources. Professionals use this information to develop programs that combine communication to encourage behavior change, access to condoms, and improved sexually transmitted disease (STD) prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. Members of the target audience collaborate with program designers to develop interventions. HIV/AIDS prevention and care initiatives in 1994 included behavioral research, behavior change communication, condom social marketing, improving STD services, developing diagnostic tools, public health approach, understanding community perceptions, promoting policy dialogue, involving women, women and AIDS research, women's initiative, woman-controlled prevention, and evaluation. HIV/AIDS care and support projects are the World Health Organization initiative, care and management grants, tuberculosis research, AIDS orphan support, and building community capacity. USAID plans on supporting integration of HIV/AIDS prevention services for women into family planning programs as a means to expand these services. The report concludes with a table of financial obligations by country.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
Witter, S.; Calder, George.; Ahimbisibwe, T.
Vers une meilleure assistance ? Passage en revue d'une décennie de travail auprès des orphelins et enfants vulnérables dans le district de Rakai, Ouganda
2004, Londres, Save the Children UK, p. 95 p.
Mots clés : Aide; ONG; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables; Prise en charge; VIH/SIDA
Pays : OugandaRésumé : Dans la présente étude, nous avons retenu le district de Rakai, en Ouganda, comme l'exemple d'un microcosme à partir duquel nous avons voulu dégager des leçons générales sur les moyens de venir en aide aux orphelins et aux enfants vulnérables de façon durable. Cette question est critique pour les nombreux pays confrontés à une population croissante d'orphelins et d'enfants vulnérables (notamment des suites du VIH et du SIDA) et dont les ressources sont minimes pour répondre à leurs nombreux besoins.
Site web : http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/scuk_cache/scuk/cache/cmsattach/1601_TakingBetterCareFrench.pdf
Nous avons abordé le dossier de la prise en charge des orphelins et enfants vulnérables de deux façons. Nous avons premièrement examiné d'une manière autocritique les résultats du Projet de protection de l'enfant (que nous désignons ici « le Projet ») entrepris de 1991 à 1996 par Save the Children UK dans le district de Rakai. Ce projet fut salué comme un grand succès en ce qu'il a créé un service public de probation et de protection sociale plus actif et abordé les droits de l'enfant sous l'angle de la prévention. Que reste-t-il de ce succès après sept années sans appui ? La réponse à cette question fournira à Save the Children UK un certain nombre de leçons tout en mettant en lumière les mécanismes de soutien qui ont existé de manière continue au sein des communautés.
En deuxième lieu, nous avons étudié les tendances qui se manifestent dans le Rakai depuis la fin du Projet. Quels ont été les soutiens fournis par l'Etat, les donateurs et les ONG et quels enseignements peut-on tirer des différents projets ? (Auteur)Rapport
McGaw, L.; Wameyo, A.
Violence against children affected by HIV/AIDS: a case study of Uganda
2005, Nairobi, World Vision International, Africa Office, p. 31
Mots clés : Discrimination; Impact social; orphelin; VIH/SIDA; Violence
Pays : Afrique subsaharienne; OugandaRésumé : Through participatory research this study examined the nature of violence, including psychological abuse, against orphans in parts of Uganda devastated by the HIV/AIDS pandemic.
Site web : http://www.child-rights.org/PolicyAdvocacy/pahome2.5.nsf/alleports/88D92CF19F341A7A8825704500251541/$file/VAC%20Uganda_web.pdf
The report highlights the types, causes and psychological impact of stigmatisation of and discrimination against orphans; World Vision programme responses to orphans and vulnerable children; and recommendations for dealing with violence and abuse against children affected by HIV/AIDS.
The study found that stigmatisation of and discrimination against orphans are themselves violence. This also lead to different forms of abuse including physical abuse, psychological abuse, child labour, neglect and sexual abuse. The consequence of discrimination for orphans is that it reduces their scope for development, physically and mentally, as well as in their skills and knowledge. Socially they are excluded through being perceived as burdens to their extended and new foster families.
A number of recommendations are made, including:
- training and support is required for guardians and other children in households where orphans are living
- an alternative "group home" (not orphanage) model should be developed for consideration
- consideration should be given to offering orphans opportunities for further study, including in vocational or high school
- improvement in the income of local communities could lead to better care for orphans, therefore training of guardians should be offered in combination with income-generating or micro-enterprise activities. (Author's modified)Rapport
Loudon, M.
West and Central Africa Regional Workshop on Orphans and Vulnerable Children, Yamoussoukro, Côte d'Ivoire, 7-12 April 2002
2002, Conference Report, Yamoussoukro, UNICEF, USAID, UNAIDS, p. 59
Mots clés : Atelier de travail; Conférences et congrès; Orphelins et enfants vulnérables
Pays : Afrique Centrale; Afrique de l'OuestRésumé : This regional workshop-a joint initiative of, UNICEF, USAID, UNAIDS, International Save the Children Alliance, with logistical and technical support from Family Health International-joined about 140 delegates, including people from 21 countries in West and Central Africa along with facilitators and observers from at least another 10 countries to review the situation of orphans and other children made vulnerable by HIV/AIDS in the region.
Site web : http://sara.aed.org/tech_areas/ovc/Yamoussoukro%20OVC%20report.pdf
This document reports on the issues, challenges, and standards presented at the plenary sessions, the commonalities and challenges and unresolved issues identified during the country presentations, and the points discussed during the working group sessions ("theme" groups: psychosocial care of OVC, institutionalization of OVC, children infected with HIV/AIDS, participation of children and young people, care and support of OVC, access by OVC to quality basic services, OVC in situations of armed conflict, and community capacity development of OVC. "Core elements": community mobilization for OVC, conducting an OVC situation analysis, reviewing policy and legislation affecting OVC, and human-rights based programming for OVC.) (Author's)Rapport
Tate, T.
What future? Street children in the Democratic Republic of Congo
2006, Vol. 18 N°2(A), New York, Human Rights Watch, p. 76 p.
Mots clés : Conditions de vie; Enfants des rues; Exploitation; Pauvreté; VIH/SIDA; Violence
Pays : République démocratique du CongoRésumé : This document reports on the situation of children living on the streets in cities of the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC).
Key findings include:
- many street children live in fear of the very state forces charged to protect them. The testimonies from children interviewed revealed a common pattern of routine abuse by police, soldiers, and members of the military police
- the police routinely arrest street children when crimes are committed in areas where they are known to gather. While it is true that street children are sometimes involved in crimes, the police often hold them collectively responsible for crimes or knowledgeable about the events or the perpetrators
- civilians also exploit street children. They employ children as porters, vendors, cleaners, or labourers in homes and stores, often paying them little money for long hours and physically demanding work
- two additional and interrelated factors are helping to fuel the increasing numbers of street children: the abuse and abandonment of children accused of sorcery, and the impact of HIV and AIDS on families and children affected by or infected with the virus.
Recommendations to the DRC government for the pre and post election period include:
- protect street children during the electoral period
- ensure that law enforcement personnel, when policing political demonstrations, respect the right to peaceful protest
- together with international child protection agencies, launch a national awareness campaign that addresses violence and abuse against children accused of sorcery
- launch an HIV and AIDS prevention and awareness campaign that specifically refutes the belief that sorcery is a vehicle for transmission of the virus
- finalise and enact the draft code of child protection currently under review
- prioritise primary education for every child in the DRC. (Summary)Notes : Quel avenir? Les enfants de la rue en République démocratique du Congo; disponible en français
Site web : http://hrw.org/reports/2006/drc0406/index.htm; http://hrw.org/french/reports/2006/drc0406/Rapport
United Nations
World population prospects: the 1994 revision
1995, New York, USA, United Nations, Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis, Population Division, p. 886 p.
Mots clés : Accroissement de la population; Estimations; Méthodologie de recherche; Projection de population; Tableaux et figures; Techniques d'estimation
Pays : MondeRésumé : This volume presents the results of the United Nations 1994 Revision of the global population estimates and projections for the world, the more developed and less developed regions, least developed countries, major areas and countries. They are based on the fourteenth round of global demographic estimates and projections undertaken by the Population Division of the Department for Economic and Social Information and Policy Analysis of the United Nations Secretariat....A magnetic tape and IBM-compatible diskettes containing the results of the present population estimates and projections are available for purchase.
Notes : English
Site web : http://db.jhuccp.org/popinform/expert.htmlRapport
Republic of Zambia, Central Statistical Office; Organisation Internationale du Travail, PAM
Zambia 1999 Child Labour Survey Country Report
1999, Lusaka, Republic of Zambia, Central Statistical Office, International Labour Organisation, International Programme for the Elimination of Child labour, p. 135
Mots clés : Enfants des rues; Enquêtes; Gouvernement; Politique; Travail des enfants
Pays : Afrique Australe; Afrique du Sud; Afrique subsaharienne; ZambieRésumé : This report presents the results of the Child Labour Surve y (CLS) undertaken by the Central Statistical Office (CSO) in collaboration with the Household Food Security, Health and Nutrition Information System (FHANIS) in September 1999. The objectives of the CLS were as follows:
Site web : http://www.ilo.org/public/english/standards/ipec/simpoc/zambia/report/zambia.pdf
(i) To identify and analyze the factors responsible for the emergence and growth of child labour in Zambia.
(ii) To provide policy makers, researchers and other stakeholders with a comprehensive set of data and indicators on child labour.
(iii) To form the basis for the creation of a long -term database on child labour in Zambia.
In addition, the Central Statistical Office carried out qualitative studies on street children and children in prostitution. These were conducted in conjunction with the TASINTHA Programme, Children in Need, Young Women's Christian Association (YWCA), the Zambia Red Cross, the Fountain of Hope and Anglican Street Kids Project. In this respect, the survey provided an opportunity for the government to collaborate with NGOs and other stakeholders. The objectives of the specialized studies were:
(i) To describe the key characteristics of street children and children in prostitution in Zambia.
(ii) To enhance the usefulness and policy-relevance of the information generated from the modular household survey on Child Labour.
(Foreward)
Thèse
Nampanya-Serpell, N.
Children Orphaned by HIV/AIDS in Zambia: Risk Factors From Premature Parental Death and Policy Implications
1998, Policy Sciences, Baltimore, University of Maryland
Mots clés : Communautés; étude; études; Etudes rétrospectives; Méthodologie de recherche; orphelin; SIDA
Pays : ZambieRésumé : This study of children orphaned by the AIDS pandemic in Zambia investigated risk and protective factors in rural and urban communities associated with the impact of premature parental death on educational, health, nutritional and emotional outcomes.
Retrospective data were collected for a cohort of 645 urban and 291 rural orphans aged 0-15, one or both of whose parents died from AIDS between 1991 and 1995. Structured interviews were conducted with 223 urban and 101 rural caregiving families in low-income neighborhoods. In both urban and rural settings, age was the principal factor predictive of nutritional and health status with younger children the most vulnerable. Educational continuity was most severely jeopardized in the urban sample for children of low-income families and girls, but in the rural sample age was the most significant risk factor: older children were often withdrawn from school to care for their younger siblings. Emotional well-being was less clearly related to familiarity of the child with the caregiver than to sibling dispersion, which was a major risk factor in the urban sample.
Implications are discussed for the design of services to reach children and families with the greatest needs. Intervention strategies should be carefully adjusted to the ecological, socio-cultural, and economic conditions of each community.Notes : Awarded 1998
Site web : http://www.medguide.org.zm/aids/aidszam23.htmThèse
Nampinga, J. T.
Selected characteristics of adult Aids mortality and its socioeconomic consequences on households in Masaka district
1995, Demography, Kampala, Makerere UniversityNotes : Citation in: Ntozi, et al. (1995), Care for AIDS orphans in Uganda: findings from focus group discussions, Health Transition Review, 5 Supp, 245-52