4. Etudes de cas sur le Tamil Nadu et sur Chennai

 
 
4.1. Une approche quantitative de la périurbanisation en Inde du Sud.
 
Sébastien Oliveau   (UMR Géographie-cités, Paris / Institut Français de Pondichéry) 
 
 
La question a laquelle tente de répondre ma présentation est celle de la mesure statistique du phénomène périurbain, afin d’en définir la dimension spatiale, mais aussi pour essayer de mettre en évidence les différences observables selon les villes. Nous nous appuyons pour cela sur une base de données géoréférencée qui intègre les données du recensement de 1991[1]. Dans le cadre de l’atelier, seul le Tamil Nadu a été étudié[2].
 
A partir de cette base de données, nous avons mis au point un indice synthétique, permettant d’embrasser les dimensions économiques (catégories d’emplois, développement agricole) et sociales (alphabétisation, fécondité) des villages, afin d’évaluer leur niveau relatif d’urbanisation. Nous considérons en effet que le périurbain est constitué de villages qui ne sont pas encore urbains mais qui ont déjà perdu une majeure partie de leur caractéristique proprement rurales.
 
Une première analyse, prenant en compte toutes les villes, montre l’évidente présence d’un phénomène de périurbanisation, qui s’étend en moyenne sur 6 kilomètres. En s’intéressant seulement aux cities (villes de plus de 100 000 habitants), on remarque que l’espace périurbain augmente, confirmant l’hypothèse selon laquelle la population de la ville est un facteur de pression sur les campagnes alentours. Néanmoins, l’étude des trois métropoles tamoules ne montre pas de différences significatives, et l’on peut penser que la population des villes agit plus par effet de seuil que par proportionnalité.
 
Une analyse prenant en compte un seul indicateur, caractéristique de l’urbanité (le nombre d’employés dans les services) montre des différences plus marquées, qui souligne la position particulière de Chennai (la seule megacity –ville de plus de 5 millions d’habitants– du Tamil Nadu).
 
Il conviendra donc, et c’est l’objectif d’un projet en cours, d’approfondir ces résultats, en comparant d’une part la situation entre 1991 et 2001 et en comparant la situation dans les autres états du sud de l’Inde (Kérala, Karnataka, Andra Pradesh) d’autre part.

 
 
4.2. Governance in urban environmental management: comparing accountability and performance in multi-stakeholder arrangements in South India  
 
Isa Baud  (University of Amsterdam) and  R. Dhanalakshmi
 
 
Current debates on urban governance suggest that multi-stakeholder arrangements between providers and users of environmental services – especially those in which there are direct democratic decision-making - lead to more accountability and better performance in service provision.
 
In India, the issue of increasing multi-stakeholder arrangements in the provision of urban services has been raised increasingly in recent years, as attempts to improve services have run up against the vast size of India’s mega-cities and the limited budgets of Indian government at the various levels concerned. To raise such questions is important as India’s international economic role is becoming more important, as it experiences high growth rates in recent years. International outsourcing and joint ventures set up with international companies are providing new employment opportunities to India’s educated urban population; however, for such growth to continue, it is important that urban infrastructure, housing and transport systems, and basic services also improve to international standards to complement the competitiveness of India’s labour force (cf. Sassen, 2000; Castells, 1996).
 
Indian cities – urban agglomerations - form interesting cases in point to examine these issues. The Nagarpalika Act (74th Amendment to the Constitution) has provided the legal context for extensive decentralisation processes, which have given local governments more powers, and brought representation much closer to urban citizens through the channel of the ward committees. Strengthening participation of citizens in local government initiatives has occurred both within the mega-cities of India, like Chennai, as well as in the municipalities surrounding them. This paper analyses the situation in municipalities around Chennai, India, one of the cities in the UNCHS Sustainable Cities Programme, with regard to a major type of environmental service under construction. It compares successful and non-successful cases of underground sewerage systems, analysing the factors in their multi-stakeholder arrangements that led to their differential results.
 
The paper first discusses the theoretical discussions on stakeholder arrangements, taking into consideration the rationale for such arrangements, the forms they take, the conditions under which they function effectively, and their outcomes. On this theoretical basis, the study of peri-urban Chennai is taken up.
 
In municipalities around Chennai, councillors are elected as representatives of their wards, geographical areas designated within the municipalities. In this situation in which local government and elected representatives work together, there is a potential to develop direct relations with organisations set up by citizens to improve quality of life issues in their immediate vicinity, i.e. multi-stakeholder arrangements for improving local basic services.
 
Three main issues are taken up for discussion in the paper. The first concerns which actors actually participate in multi-stakeholder arrangements (and which are excluded), and the varying powers and resources they can bring to the arrangement (Baud, 2004). The second concerns the processes by which decisions are made and implemented in such arrangements; particularly interesting are the checks and balances, and the types of obstacles such arrangements run up against. The third issue concerns the outcomes of such arrangements; do they actually improve urban provision of services, and if so, for whom? This question obviously raises issues of equality among different groups of citizens in accessing urban basic services.
 
The municipalities studied were selected for their varying location around the city, and cover the north, west, and southern parts of the metropolitan area. The choice was made to focus on peri-urban areas rather than the Corporation area, as the lack of basic services is more immediately visible in those areas. The fieldwork consisted of strategic discussions with local officials, councillors and civil society organisations of various types. Each municipality has 40-50 wards, of which a 10% sample of the different groups representing citizens (ward councillors, and Resident Welfare Associations and/or Community Based Organisations) was selected for discussions.
 
The first round of interviews with councillors, officers, commissioners and civil society organisations provided us with an overview of what amenities are available in peri-urban areas in terms of urban services, and gave us an idea of what types of collective organisation among citizens existed, and whether or not multi-stakeholder arrangements had emerged. It brought out a lack of services in underground sewerage systems, which were then studied further in a second round of interviews. Two contrasting cases of setting up underground sewerage systems were analysed in municipalities which are very similar in other respects; one in which the initiative was successful and one in which obstacles prevented the initiative from being carried out successfully until now. The contrasts provide insights into the processes of partnering and bring out the factors, which are important in determining the outcomes of such arrangements.
 
The conclusions of the study show that the peri-urban municipalities around Chennai have a pattern of multi-stakeholder arrangements in which resident welfare associations play a role. However, they are primarily found in middle- and high-income areas, and not in low-income neighbourhoods. This contrasts with the majority of literature, which stresses civil society associations in low-income areas. 
 
Partnerships in multi-stakeholder arrangements are found when investments in new public service systems are necessary. Nevertheless, the level of participation by civil society organisations is more limited than that of government and the external agency providing loans; they are not allowed a say in designing the service or in its technical aspects. Their participation is limited to financial contributions and monitoring of implementation. The outside donor and private consultant to the municipality have a strong say in the design; the level of influence of the private contractor is not known. 
 
Interestingly, in the situations studied, domestic large-scale private companies are the preferred partners. This is in contrast to many other urban localities, where foreign companies are often the contractors.
 
Each participating organisation contributes money, time, and political capital to the process of partnering. The outcomes are in principle designed to have benefits for all partners, so that there is a clear rationale for all parties to participate in the process.  The arrangement in India allows for more investment to be made in public services, for which otherwise municipalities do not have the funds. It also gives citizens a greater stake in and responsibility the sustainability of the public systems put in place, as they wish to preserve their investments in the system.  The situation with multiple actors and different kinds of contributions makes multi-stakeholder arrangements complex networks, with different forms of tri-partite networks emerging.
 
The process of partnering has been said to improve accountability to users of the public services. In the situations found in peri-urban municipalities near Chennai, accountability of local government to the residents involved in the arrangements was clearly improved, although their own organisations were instrumental in negotiating that accountability. 
 
Accountability by state-level government bodies sanctioning the process for implementation remained very low, and made the process unpredictable in its timing, coordination and outcome. Particularly the feedback loops by which changes in the process had to be renegotiated with government departments slowed down such processes significantly. Outside political influences also remained a source of uncertainty in the process, especially when such infrastructure-building processes spill over beyond the length of time one political party is in power.
 
A positive influence is the conditions set by the outside funding organisation, which has civil society participation mandatory for its loans. This anchors such participation firmly in the arrangement, through contract. In the Indian situation, this seems to be sufficient at the local level, although not at the state level. This strengthens Ackerman’s observation that legal frameworks are important anchoring processes for participation (Ackerman, 2004).
 
These conclusions suggest that different forms of accountability exist side-by-side within such complex arrangements; and that we need to move beyond the dichotomy suggested in the World Development Report 2004, of direct or indirect accountability. Particularly, the way the different scale levels of accountability affect each other needs to be taken into account within a complex network. 
 
The extent of social capital in the form of Resident Welfare Associations or urban forums built up among citizens has increased in both the municipalities – suggesting that involvement itself is an impetus.
 
In terms of performance, it is perhaps too soon to say that multi-stakeholder arrangements have more positive outcomes than straight government provision. It is clear that the current arrangements are mainly limited to the needs of middle- and high-income citizens, and that low-income households are not included in these types of investment systems. The complexity of the networks and the processes of partnering involved, with their non-linear feedback loops of permissions and sanctions, make outcomes very unpredictable. However, when they work well, they provide clear incentives for citizen investment, and also to remain stakeholders in the long-term sustainability of the public services put in place.
 


4.3. The tripartite agreement in peri-urban Chennai: Rural impact of farmers selling water to Chennai Metropolitan Water Board
 
Marie Gambiez (Institut National d’Agronomie de Paris-Grignon), Emilie Lacour (INA P-G), Joël Ruet (Centre de Sciences Humaines de New Delhi)
 
 

Scope and Context

India faces an unprecedented urban growth. Urban studies properly speaking get complemented by new series of studies on the peripheries or adjacent villages/ towns / districts of major urban centres. These ‘peri-urban studies’ recover a multiple, varying, definition of what is ‘peri-urban’, ranging from a mere concept of geographic proximity to more dynamic aspects of the built environment. Equally, the relationships between the demographic dynamics and the concept of peri-urbanity are under discussions, for transitory regimes may matter: a fast growing city (and in that respect middle size cities grow faster today than metropolitan cities in India) might affect more the building dynamics, while on the issue of resources, stock matters and metropolitan cities, though slowing down their growth nowadays might have stronger impacts on their fringes and neighbourhoods, due to ‘threshold’ effects. The aim of our paper is neither to provide a definition of peri-urbanity nor to clinch out these debates, but to contribute through a case study of the impact of today’s water scarcity in Chennai, which is the outcome of a long-term cumulative water management system, and its rural neighbourhoods, that we will identify with ‘peri-urban’ zones without much more discussion than the fact that, on a holistic perspective of water management in the Chennai Metropolitan Development area, the studied zones have become part of an metropolitan water system.
 
Chennai and the adjoining rural areas suffer in a recurrent manner from water shortage. It is aggravated by the climate in Tamil Nadu and calls for a better water resource management. In fact, the rainfall is not regular during the year: there is a dry season every year and another point is that rainfall can be very changing for one year to another, while neither the urban ground water, nor the demand management are integrated management with a Chennai Metrowater Board (CMWSSB) system that remains mostly centralised technique-based and supply-oriented (Ruet, Saravanan, Zérah, 2002; Dematedee network, under Ruet & Zérah, 2004, Janakarajan 2002 & 2004).
 
Namely, in Chennai metropolitan area, the water supply systems can’t meet the increasing demand of water. This involves an important competition between different users: farmers, industries and domestic consumers. The allocation of water resources becomes thus a major question, both de jure and de facto.
 
The surrounding area of Chennai is particularly under the influence of the city and its water problems. Indeed, during the water shortage periods, some farmers can sell water to the city, which induces specific systems of water management. It is the case for the Water Board which introduced the water purchasing agreement named the Tripartite Agreement in its wellfields. It concerns three actors or types of actors: Chennai Metropolitan Water Supply and Sewerage Board (CMWSSB), Tamil Nadu Electricity Board (TNEB) and farmers, at an individual level.

 

Methodology

The survey included meetings with several officers of the CMWSSB, a visit to one of the Booster Stations in the well-fields near the village of Magaral, named Magaral Booster Station. This station contains one of the collecting tanks of the well-fields and collects water from 32 farmers as well as receiving water from CMWSSB-owned wells in Tamarapakkam, Poondi and Flood Plains Wellfields. We gathered information concerning water collected everyday from private agricultural wells. This data was available at the station from June 2001 onwards.
 
According to surface owned, we were able to segregate the population working for agriculture in three different types. The first farmers are the most well-off cultivators, they own more than 3 acres and have the financial capacity to invest in growing crops such as rice or sugar cane. The second are cultivators who own between 1 and 3 acres: they grow rice or groundnut and vegetables, depending on the types of soil they have. The third own between 0 and 1 acres, they often grow crops such as vegetables that provide regular income or lentils which do not require high costs. They also work as agricultural labourers in the fields of the first two categories. We considered those breeding animals as a category apart as they represented a small proportion of farmers.
 
Our basic aim was to be able to see if the water purchasing agreement had an effect on the agricultural world.

First, we wanted to observe how the sale of water to the CMWSSB had affected the agricultural practices.

For this, we took in consideration three different factors:

 
Second, we aimed to calculate the farmers' total income before and after the sale of water to the CMWSSB: before and after 2001.

For this, we had to calculate:

 
59 farmers were surveyed: 32 selling farmers and 27 other farmers chosen at random.

 

Main Findings

We have evolved a stylisation of different categories of farmers to study these effects of the sale of water. Our results helped us decide on three different categories according to the link they had to this sale:
 
The selling farmers: they sell water to the CMWSSB. They are obviously the most directly linked to the sale of water. The dependent farmers: they are dependent on the selling farmers because they used to buy water from them. We decided to isolate this category because we assumed that it corresponded to those who would be directly affected by the sale of water depending on how the selling farmers manage their water supply. The non-dependent farmers: they are non-dependent in the sense that they don’t depend on the selling farmers for their water supply.  We made the hypothesis that they wouldn’t be directly affected by the sale of water. In that case, the evolution of agriculture for them would correspond to a “normal” or “natural” evolution. We will use them as a control group in order to observe the real impact of the sale of water on agriculture for the first two categories of farmers.

 

Evolution of surfaces and types of crop due to the sale of water

We first tried to see the evolution of total cultivated surface per farmer. From 1999 to 2002, comparing for selling farmers as well as for non-dependent farmers the % of decrease of cultivated surfaces for the same farmers, one sees that, for non-dependent farmers (control group), the number of acres cultivated per farmer has dropped in a relative similar way between the four years: about 8%. For those selling to the WB, we can clearly see that there has been an important drop between 2000 and 2001: 43% less cultivated surfaces compared to a drop of 0 to 1% between 1999-2000 and 2001-2002.

This can lead us to conclude that, since the water purchasing contracts started in march 2001, the drop observed between 2000 and 2001 for selling farmers is caused by this sale of water.

 

Evolution of profits for selling farmers

An important increase in profit on average (including their agricultural income as well as the profit due to the sale of water) has materialised on average, but dependent farmers have seen their income decrease. The sale of water has changed existing links between farmers due to many factors: they are socio-economical, geographical, and technical.
 
First factor is socio-economical: farmers who do not have borewell cannot sell water to the CMWSSB. This category of farmers cannot afford to dig a borewell and corresponds roughly to the lowest social class among farmers.
 
The second factor is geographical: only the farmers who own a borewell within 2 km of Magaral Booster Station are eligible for the sale of water to the WB.
 
Third is the technical factor: farmers chosen by CMWSSB are those who can extract enough water from their borewell.
 
These factors explain that the sale of water to the WB has changed links between farmers. If we focus ourselves on social class, two types of farmers have evolved on the socio-economical scale: selling farmers have become richer and dependent farmers have become poorer due to a decrease in their water supply. Apparently, the other farmers are not affected by the sale of water, that is, if we suppose that there hasn’t already been an impact of the sale of water to Chennai City on the groundwater level.
 

 

4.4. Examining the Peri-Urban Interface as a Constructed Primordialism: A Socio-Spatial Analysis of Neighbourhood Transformations in Peri-Urban Chennai
 
Pushpa Arabindoo   (London School of Economics and Political Sciences, London)
 
 
Akin to the tendency of western scholars to locate their urban concerns on the fringes of their cities, a discussion is emerging in the Indian circles on the phenomenon of peri-urbanisation in major metropolitan areas. This paper tests on field two of the hypotheses set forth by the workshop brief. The first concerns the interrelationship between the dynamics of transformation in the periphery and the centre of the metropolis. The second relates to a condition of heterogeneity and fragmentation brought forth by the social and cultural overlap of the settlement patterns in peripheral areas.
 
Just as the American metropolis was usefully employed as a conceptual crucible to study the impact of suburbanisation, a similar strategy is adopted to study the peri-urban dynamics and its relationship with the centre. By placing the peri-urban condition under the umbrella of metropolitan development, it is presented as a constructed primordialism – where the edge is primordial to the urban-rural interface, but whose mutations are primarily constructed and conjured by the manipulations of post-independent metropolitan planning. Few urban concepts have endured with such persistent applicability. In this context, the metropolitan phenomenon has been durably resilient and elastic, as seen in the influential role it played in the modern times of urban boom and expansion, as well as in its chameleonic ability to tailor itself to the now fashionable postmodern mould. Locating the fieldwork in the southern periphery of Chennai, socio-spatial transformations of borderland neighbourhoods are assessed – first of all, in terms of the role played by the planning regulations of metropolitan development authority in the earlier decades, and more lately in terms of the visible postmodern features of pluralism, multiplicity and segmentation that are often attributed to the imposing play of global capital. Interviews with homeowner associations and residents are supplemented by a morphological analysis of the spatial transformations over the past twenty five years.
 
The choice of the two neighbourhoods—Valmiki Nagar and Neelangarai cannot be more appropriate. Until recently, both were located in the periphery of the city, till the expansion of the city boundary in 1978 left them on opposite sides of the fence, and completely transformed. Valmiki Nagar has morphed from an exclusive upper class sparse settlement of retired bureaucrats to cater to a visibly denser, younger, peripatetic, and cosmopolitan community. The newer residents are a mix of middle- and upper-middle classes and are marked by indifference to one and all. In contrast is the transformation of Neelangarai from a sleepy little village to first incorporate the condensed housing desires of working middle class communities, and later to the more-space consuming needs of the upper class mansions. The metamorphosis from class homogeneity to heterogeneity in both cases can only be explained through a combined assessment of the initial tenets of development planning and how in recent times, planning authorities have been party to the locational tantrums of global capital. This is evident not only in the transformation of the neighbourhood structure but in the gentrification of the public spaces as well.
 

 

4.5. Dynamiques périurbaines des grandes métropoles indiennes :
Le cas de Chennai : premiers résultats
 
Philippe Cadène  (UMR SEDET, CNRS-Université Paris 7 & Institut Français de Pondichéry) et Kamala Marius-Gnanou  (UMR ADES-TEMPOS  CNRS-Université Bordeaux 3 & Institut Français de Pondichéry)
 
 
Cette communication est une introduction au projet sur les dynamiques périurbaines de la métropole de Chennai mené dans le cadre de l’Institut Français de Pondichéry. L’objectif de notre étude est de comprendre d’une part l’expansion urbaine dans sa périphérie rurale, d’autre part les processus en cours en termes de localisation des activités urbaines (résidentielles, industrielles, agricoles, de services) de la périphérie de la première métropole du Tamil Nadu.
 
Hypothèses de travail : Entre villes et campagnes, les franges extrêmes des agglomérations souffrent d’un manque de définition. Or ces espaces sont dans bon nombre de régions du monde en développement en pleine extension et les populations qui les occupent sont de plus en plus nombreuses 
 
Les chercheurs embarrassés pour définir une société propre à ces périphéries les définissent le plus souvent par leurs caractères spatiaux. Il suffit de décrire une mosaïque de villages, formant une sorte de troisième couronne urbanisée à la périphérie des agglomérations, caractérisée par un paysage de type rural, à ce titre bien différente de la seconde couronne, construite elle au contact direct de la banlieue et dans laquelle lotissements et activités diverses (industrielles, résidentielles, de loisir) ont conquis une part majoritaire de l’espace. En Inde, dans un contexte de globalisation, différents processus semblent aujourd’hui se cumuler pour produire des changements extrêmement rapides et profonds et des situations immédiatement très complexes.
 
Du fait des problèmes nombreux liés aux difficultés de la gestion urbaine dans ces villes, en raison  des blocages fonciers, du manque d’eau, d’espace mais aussi, du fait de l’incitation des planificateurs urbains (Master Plan, 2011), les entrepreneurs trouvent dans les espaces périurbains des lieux adaptés au développement industriel, utilisant d’une part comme main d’œuvre non qualifiée la population des villages et d’autre part la main-d’œuvre qualifiée des villes. Les populations des villages reculés n’hésitent guère en effet à effectuer de très longs trajets en autobus, dans un contexte où le sous-emploi est un fléau permanent et concerne tout particulièrement les populations rurales. Le développement industriel des lointaines périphéries, mais aussi l’implantation d’autres activités dans les villages, à l’exemple d’établissements d’enseignement supérieur, conduisent des membres des couches moyennes urbaines à effectuer des migrations quotidiennes de la ville vers les espaces périurbains. Ces trajets sont souvent effectués dans des autobus ou autres véhicules affrétés par les entreprises ou autres institutions. La mobilité est donc le point clé pour comprendre la création et le développement de ces nouveaux espaces qui intègrent un large nombre de villages dans la dynamique des métropoles. La planification urbaine a favorisé d’une certaine manière une spécialisation de ces espaces périurbains tant en termes économiques (industriel, agricole, éducation) que résidentiels (nouveaux lotissements, gated communities).
 
Sur le plan méthodologique, il nous a paru important de recenser tout d’abord la littérature scientifique existante, puis les documents officiels de planification urbaine (Master Plan, 2011) et enfin les sites Internet officiels de la municipalité de Chennai et de la région.
 
Afin de comprendre les processus à l’origine des mutations économiques, sociales et spatiales importantes expérimentées par les sociétés rurales locales, nous avons sélectionné deux villages sur la route technologique (IT road) Sholingalanur situé dans l’aire métropolitaine à 30 kms du centre ville de Chennai et Kelambackam à l’extérieur de l’aire métropolitaine pour y mener des enquêtes durant trois semaines. Par ailleurs, des entretiens auprès des responsables du CMDA (Chennai Metropolitan Development Area) et des chercheurs de l’Institut de télédétection ont été utiles dans la compréhension des phénomènes de métropolisation.
 
Le CMDA contrôle une zone métropolitaine de 1177 km2 comprenant 7,5 millions d’habitants en 2001 contre 4,6 millions en 1981). L’aire métropolitaine comprend l’agglomération de Chennai (6,5 millions d’habitants), et plusieurs autres types de villes et 211 villages. La croissance la plus importante s’est produite dans la périphérie le long des corridors urbains planifiés en structure radiale, reliés par des villes satellites. Planifiées dès 1991, ces villes satellites destinées au départ à décongestionner l’agglomération,  n’ont connu leur plein développement que deux décennies plus tard dès lors qu’une mise en périphérie des industries (automobiles notamment) et des services aux entreprises (services informatiques, call centres, télémédecine…) ont été planifiés, notamment au Sud de la métropole. Rien que le secteur des technologies de l’information et des services aux entreprises a absorbé près de la moitié des espaces disponibles sur le marché.
 
Etudes de cas :Sholingalanur, commune située à 30 kms du centre ville de Chennai a été choisie comme terrain d’étude en raison de son caractère rural traditionnel, elle est aujourd’hui reliée de part et d’autre par la East Coast Road et la IT road. Près de 1000 bus appartenant aux compagnies (Wipro Infosys, Tata Consultant, Cognizant...) et aux Ecoles d’ingénieurs passent quotidiennement par cette commune. Le recensement de 2001 évaluait le nombre d’habitants de cette commune à 15536 habitants contre 8526 en 1991, mais selon le « président du panchayat » (responsable de la commune), la commune a doublé entre 2001 et 2004 passant ainsi de 150 000 à 300 000 habitants. Cette petite commune divisée en quatre quartiers traditionnels et longtemps dominée par la caste des cultivateurs Naickers (ils possédaient 75 % des terres) connaît des mutations spatiales et socio-économiques importantes depuis l’arrivée de ces entreprises informatiques et des écoles d’ingénieurs. Selon le responsable de la commune, plus de la moitié des terres agricoles situées notamment en bordure des routes principales ont été vendues à des prix qui ne cessent d’augmenter (700 000 roupies par cent en 2004 contre 400 000 roupies en 2000), favorisant ainsi une spéculation foncière.
 
Si 35 % des actifs de cette commune étaient employés dans l’agriculture en 1991, c’est moins de 9 % en 2001, selon le dernier recensement. Certes, les femmes et les ouvriers saisonniers agricoles ne sont pas comptabilisés dans le recensement, or on sait aujourd’hui que l’essentiel des activités agricoles et des activités dans le secteur de construction n’est réalisé que par des saisonniers. Bon nombre des ces saisonniers originaires entre autres de l’Andhra Pradesh vivent dans des huttes construites par des Naickers dans un des quartiers de la commune (Akkarai). La seule enclave qui ne semble avoir subi aucune mutation tant sur le plan social qu’économique est le hameau de pêcheurs situé en bord de mer, l’on remarque cependant quelques belles villas du week-end appartenant à de riches politiciens et acteurs non loin de cette enclave.
 
L’autre stratégie des Naickers est de construire des studios pour des jeunes célibataires très mobiles professionnellement. Enfin les nouveaux quartiers sont composés de villas appartenant à des familles de la classe moyenne aisée travaillant essentiellement dans les Ecoles d’ingénieurs et dans une faible mesure dans les entreprises de services ou à Chennai. Sholingalanur constitue donc un espace périurbain typique dans un contexte de métropolisation rapide. Cette commune exemplifie les transformations radicales dans un contexte de politique urbaine (cyber corridor) combiné à une offre d’emplois importante et à une demande de logement liée aussi à un accès à l’eau encore possible.
 
Dans un contexte de métropolisation rapide et de mise en périphérie d’entreprises liée à une réelle planification urbaine, il est nécessaire de redéfinir de nouveaux concepts et de nouvelles méthodes de recherche relatifs aux périphéries de ces grandes métropoles indiennes.



[1] Bien que la qualité du recensement soit variable, il offre néanmoins une base de données riches et uniques en son genre pour étudier l’influence urbaine. Le SIFP (voir http://www.demographie.net/sifp/) a profité de cette information pour construire une base de données géoréférencée des 75 000 villages de l’Inde du Sud, auxquels sont liés les données du recensement.

[2] Les données concernant le Tamil Nadu ont fait l’objet d’une publication sur cd-rom (Guilmoto, Oliveau, 2000). (http://www.demographie.net/sipis/). Voir aussi Guilmoto, Oliveau, et al. (2004), qui propose une description plus précise de la base de données et des exemples d’applications.